Assignment: Identifying Differences BW Acid Base & Buffers Essay

Assignment: Identifying Differences BW Acid Base & Buffers Essay

Atoms, Molecules, and Life The level of organizations starts with atoms. Atoms represent the basic unit of an element that carries that element nucleus. Neutrons (n) carry no charges and are also located in the nucleus of the atom. Electrons (e-) negatively charged particle that is located in electron shells around the nucleus. The electron shells are also known energy levels in which each of them can carry a designated number of electrons, the first will hold only two electrons, after that each level can hold up to eight electrons. 118 elements are recognized with unique properties of each of them that allow us to differentiate between them. The atomic number is unique for element, this represents the total number of protons present in the nucleus of that element, and it should be equal to the number of the electron in orbit which make the atom balance in the charges and carry a zero charge. The second is the atomic mass or weight, this represents everything present in the nucleus the protons and the neutrons. There are no two elements that have the same atomic number and atomic mass.

The next method to recognize elements is to used the alphabet to represent them in a chemical formula rather than write the complete name, this uses the first letter in a capital case, but several elements may have the same letter, to avoid confusion the next letter is used in lower case for example for Carbon we used (C), for Calcium is (Ca) and for Cupper is (Cu). Isotopes When the atoms of that element have different atomic mass due to having extra neutrons, the isotopes are not stable and start to emit that entire extra neutron via energy-rich particles known as the alpha, beta, and gamma. The emitting is recognized as radioactivity. Radioactive elements are very beneficial in our life they have been utilized in many applications such as medical use in X-ray and CT scans, they are also used in other industries. Carbon has threeunit2mo1.jpg different isotopes C12, C13, and C14 they are important in carbon coding for fossils’ discovery. Naturally, elements atoms are balanced because of the equality between electrons and protons, but they are not stable because the outer electron orbit is not full with electrons, they will seek that stable state and thus be involved in different chemical interactions resulting in compounds. The interactions can be Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen attractions. The resulted molecules have different ratios depending on the atoms, a molecule of Oxygen O2 has a ratio of 1:1, and a molecule of glucose C6H12O6 will have a ratio of 1:2:1. A molecule that is composed of different atoms is called a compound. Ionic Bonds Atoms that are not stable because the outer shell is not full will start to be active to reach that stable state known as the octet rule. Some atoms to be stable they have to lose and others will gain electrons when an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes unbalance in the number of negatively charged electrons to the positively charged proton and that is recognized as an ion. If the atom loses an electron it will have a more positive charged proton and thus; becomes positively charged and called a cation, on the other hand, atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged and will be called an anion.

The creations of the action and anion create attraction between different charged atoms creating ionic chemical bonds. For example, if we look at the sodium atom Na that has an atomic number of 11, and the Chlorine atom with an atomic number 17. When we distribute

the electrons for the Na we will have 2e in the first orbit, 8e in the second, and only 1e in the outer is a valiance because it is not full, the Na will be looking to lose this electron to be stable, when that happened Na become positively charged cation, on the other hand looking at Cl the distribution gives us 2e, 8e and 7e in the outer orbit it is also not stable and looking to gain electron which will make it negatively charged anion, when the Na cation is facing the Cl anion attractions between the negative and positive charges will bring them together creating the ionic bond. The ionic bond happened only between different kinds of atoms. Covalent Bonds When atoms are not at the octet state and they are looking to be stable, but what will happen if atoms that are together none of them are looking to lose electrons and only looking to gain an electron, this means that they can’t form ions and no ionic bonds. Atoms at this state they have to find another mechanism for reaching the stable state, this will be the covalent bond.

Covalent bond means sharing the electrons between atoms, this will be established via two different kinds of covalent, first let us look at the Non-Polar Covalent bond this happened between atoms of the same kind such as between two hydrogens and can range from one to four. If we look at hydrogen with atomic number 1, the distribution of electron gives us one electron in the first orbit and one is missing thus it is not stable, if the second hydrogen is present with the same condition they can’t lose thus they will place the electron in the midpoint between their nuclei and because they have the same number of a proton the electron will be under the same pull of equal proton, and the electron is shared equally between the two, this is non-polar, two oxygen’s will shared two electrons each, two nitrogens will share three electrons each. This means that the covalent bond will be nonpolar and the electron are equally shared only between atoms of the same kind. What happened if atoms of different kinds are meeting each other’s this will result in sharing the electrons unequally and thus the atom with more positive charged protons will have more forces and attraction on the electrons and will bring them closer to its orbits and away from the smaller atom. This unequal share creates a slightly negative environment over the larger atom and slightly positive over the smaller atoms and is called Polar Covalent bonds, this can be seen in water molecule H2O when the Oxygen with an atomic number of 8 and atomic mass of16 shared electron with two single hydrogens each of them with an atomic number of 1 and atomic mass of 1, the attractions exerted from the oxygen over the electrons will be greater than the two hydrogen’s, the oxygen will be slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly positive. These kinds of covalent bonds take place only between atoms of different kinds. Hydrogen Bonds This a very week of attractions compares to ionic and covalent bonds, this also does not happened between singlebiounit2molecules.jpg atoms rather it take place between molecules. For example, different molecules of water are close to each other’s attractions start between the slightly positive parts of one molecule and the slightly negative part of the second.

The hydrogen attractions are very important instability of organic molecules such as proteins and lipids. Hydrogen attractions are very sensitive to temperature, at a high temperature they become stretched and weaker taken the molecules further apart, if we look at ice the temperature is very low and the water molecule are very close to each other’s and hydrogen attractions are strong when you heat the ice the temperature increase and the hydrogen attractions become weaker and the molecules start to move from each other, increase the temperature they will be completely broken and will give us gas. This gives the water molecules a very special property as the best solvent for all hydrophilic compounds that can be dissociated and dissolved in water, fat compound is called hydrophobic and will not dissolve in water. Water molecules also have good surface tension, which allowed them to stick to surfaces. Acid, Base, and Neutral Chemicals All substances that are hydrophilic in water and go in a solution, as they are in the water the substances that start to release a hydrogen ions H+ into the solution is recognized as an acid, the strength of the acid is dependent on the level of H+ released in the solution a strong acid will release so many. Another kind of substance when placed in water solution they will release OHions this is known as a base and the stronger base is the one that releases more of the OH- into the solution. The level of acid/base can be measured by using the PH scale which a system that detects the level of H+ and OH-. It ranges from 0-14, from zero to seven is acidic with lower number acid will be stronger, and from seven to fourteen is a basic and the higher the number the stronger the base. At the midpoint the system is neutral. A buffer system is used to control the level of acid or base environment. For example, if we have an acid in water such a hydrochloric acid in the stomach releasing H+ in the solution, if we need to counter it we add a base such as sodium hydroxide NaOH which will be disassociated and at this point, we have H+ and OH- in the solution resulting in water H2O, and the Cl- will react with Na+ resulting in sodium chloride, some buffer systems can be used to reduce or increase the pH level in the solution.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

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Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource