Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that affects mainly the gastrointestinal system, the reproductive system, and the lungs (McCance & Huether, 2019, pp 2171). The cystic fibrosis gene “is located on chromosome 7” with more than 2000 variants of the disease. They are divided into six classes, 1 through 3 being the more severe ones. The triad of Cystic fibrosis is “obstruction, infection, and inflammation that is evident throughout the gastrointestinal tract and within the airways” (McCance & Huether, 2019, pp 2871). The gastrointestinal problems are caused by the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein, “which is located on epithelial membranes and regulates chloride and sodium ion channels (McCance & Huether, 2019, pp 2870). You can find that protein through the airways, sweat glands, digestive tract, pancreas, hepatobiliary system, and reproductive system. The CFTR protein alters the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium (McCance & Huether, 2019, pp 2871), which gives kids skin a salty taste when parents kiss them because of the excessive salt they waste through sweat glands. It also interferes with the absorption of nutrients in those affected by the disease because it “leads to a dehydrated intestinal mucin layer and inspissated secretions” (Reed & Shores, 2020), which makes all the gut secretions thick and mucusy. This altered environment causes inflammation, pain, slow motility, and overgrowth of bacteria. Also, sixty-seven percent of CF kids may suffer from reflux due to “delayed gastric emptying and impaired gut motility” (Reed & Shores, 2020), among other reasons.

In terms of reproduction, if none of the parents have been diagnosed with CF and had children diagnosed with the disease, it means that both have to be carriers. The risk of knowing if they are going to have more kids with CF depends entirely on knowing their carrier’s status (Horsley, Cunningham, & Innes, 2015, pp147). In the case presented, to have a positive CF patient, both parents at least have to be carriers. The probability with parents being both carriers is 1:4 of having CF kids (Horsley, Cunningham, & Innes, 2015, pp 2).

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.