questions to answer:

1. What does CO₂ indicate in these tubes/cups? How did you measure the amount of CO₂ produced?

2. In which set up did you observe the maximum amount of respiration? Explain your answer.

3. If we boiled the yeast, sugar and water mixture for 20 minutes and performed the same experiment, how much of CO₂ do you expect to be produced. Give explanation for your answer

4. Is light necessary in photosynthesis? __________________________________________

Briefly describe the two reactions of photosynthesis and explain their dependence on light:

5. Explain your conclusion about the occurrence of photosynthesis in setup 1.

6. Explain your conclusion about the occurrence of photosynthesis in setup 2.

7. What would happen to the life on earth if all processes of photosynthesis stop?

8. Use colored pencils to draw your chromatography paper results and label the pigments. Upload a picture of your drawing here.

9. The main pigments colors you observed in the leaves are ______________________________

What are their names? ______________________________________________________

PART I- CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Introduction:

Yeast are single-celled fungi. The species called Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly called Baker’s or Brewer’s yeast. Like other eukaryotes with mitochondria, yeast can use oxygen to generate ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. These yeast are facultative aerobes which means they can also switch to an anaerobic mechanism of ATP production called fermentation. In all organisms, the process of glycolysis occurs anaerobically in the cytoplasm to produce two pyruvate molecules from a single glucose. This process produces 2 new ATP molecules and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm and quickly generates an additional ATP through the reduction of pyruvate. NADH is the source of electrons in this process that is oxidized to NAD+. Many organisms will ferment to generate lactic acid and CO2 from the pyruvate in order to generate ATP. Yeast fermentation produces ethanol and CO2. as byproducts.

In this experiment, we will use the amount of CO2 produced by a sample of yeast to measure the amount of fermentation. CO2 produced could be seen as bubbles in the reaction mixture.

Materials:

3 tablespoons active dry yeast

3 teaspoons sugar

1/4 cup water

warm water in a big pan

Ice-cold water in a big pan

Metric Ruler

Stop clock

Transparent Disposable Cup

Procedure:

1. Mix 1 tablespoon yeast and 1 teaspoon sugar with 1/4 cup water in three separate transparent disposable cups.

2. Keep the first cup at room temperature, the second one in the pan containing ice-cold water and the third cup in a pan containing warm water.

3. Record the amount of bubbles in all three cups at the start of the experiment or time zero.

4. Record the amount of bubbles in all three cups after 30 minutes

5. Answer questions in the Post-Lab Report.

PART II- PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Materials:

Fresh or frozen spinach leaves

Scissors

Alcohol (70% rubbing alcohol)

Acetone nail polish remover

Small glass jars with lid (sauce jar or baby food jar)

Lamp (blacklight /UV flashlight)

Quarter coin

Coffee filter paper

Pencils

Procedure

A. Observing photosynthesis and the necessity of light in the process

1. Enter this  to study photosynthesis.
2. Lab setup 1: in the setting area, set “stop-at” at 2000, “Initial # of chloroplasts” at 3, “initial carbon dioxide” at 100, “water flow through leaf” at 25, “intensity of light” at 50, and check “auto-stop”.

Virtual lab setup 1 Virtual lab setup 2

1. Click on the “Setup/reset” button and record the initial numbers of the “carbon dioxide molecules”, “oxygen molecules”, and “sugar molecules produced” in section A of the lab report.
2. Click “go/pause” button to start the simulation. Observe the consumption of carbon dioxide and production of oxygen and sugar molecules in chloroplasts (green circles) during photosynthesis.
3. After the simulation stops, record the number molecules in the lab report (final number).
4. Now use lab setup2 to study the necessity of light. You can remove the light by directly typing “0” in the box of “intensity of light” or move the slider all the way to the left until it reads at 0.
5. Click on the “Setup/reset” button and record the initial numbers of the “carbon dioxide molecules”, “oxygen molecules”, and “sugar molecules produced” of setup 2 in the lab report.
6. Click “go/pause” button to start the simulation.
7. After the simulation stops, record the number molecules (final number of setup 2).
8. Complete related questions in the lab report.

B. Extract chlorophyll and observe its fluorescence

When a leaf is exposed to light, its chlorophyll absorbs the light energy. This energy pushes the electron of chlorophyll into an excited state. The excited electron then transfers the energy from one molecule to another molecule in the thylakoid membrane to process photosynthesis. While in a situation where the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll cannot be pass on to perform photosynthesis, the electron will return to its original energy state, and in the process, release the light energy, and thus fluoresces. We will observe the fluorescence of chlorophyll in this experiment.

1. Use a scissor to cut five spinach leaves into very small pieces.
2. Place the leave pieces in a glass jar.
3. Add about 2 tablespoon of rubbing alcohol, soak the leaves pieces for 2 days or till the liquid is dark green.

Note: Alcohol is flammable – use it with care. As an organic solvent, alcohol dissociates the thylakoid membrane and dissolve the chlorophylls from the membrane.

1. Pour the liquid through a coffee filter paper and collect the extract to a small glass jar.
2. Turn off the room lights, shine a blacklight on to the extract and observe the color it fluoresce.
3. Complete section B of the lab report.

If you don’t have the materials, watch thehere and complete section B of the lab report.

C. Separate plant pigments by paper chromatography

1. Cut a strip of coffee filter paper long enough to stand in a glass jar as shown above.
2. Cut a point at the end of the paper.
3. Place a spinach leaf on the filter paper at the pointed end. Press and roll the edge of a coin over the leaf to crush the cells and form a stripe of pigment about 2 cm from the pointed end of the paper. Blow the stripe dry completely, and repeat this step at least 10 times at the same location on the filter paper until one dark concentrated stripe is created.

Note: use medium force to press the coin on the leaves to avoid breaking through the paper.

1. Add acetone nail polish remover to the glass jar for about 1 cm deep.

Note: Acetone is flammable – use it with care.

1. Slowly and carefully insert the filter paper with the pointed end towards the bottom in the jar with acetone solvent. Make sure that the dark stripe of plant extract is above the solvent.
2. Cap the jar and observe the solvent move up the paper until it comes within 1 cm from the top.
3. Remove the paper and immediately use a pencil to mark the position of the solvent.
4. Place the coffee filter paper on a paper towel to let it dry.
5. Observe your filter paper and locate the orange carotene at the top, followed by the yellow xanthophyll, the blue-green chlorophyll a, and the yellow-green chlorophyll b.
6. Draw a colored picture of your observation and upload the image to question No. 9 in the lab report. Also answer other relevant questions in the lab report.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource