Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

Capstone Project Milestone #1:

PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

PICO Worksheet

Your Name:

Date: July 13, 2016

Your Instructor’s Name:

Purpose: To identify a problem or concern that nursing can change and develop a PICO question to guide the change project.

Directions: Use the form below to complete the PICO assignment in Milestone #1. This includes filling in the table with information about your research question and your PICO elements.

Step 1: Select the key PICO terms for searching the evidence. Clearly define your PICO question. List each element P (problem, population, or problem), I (intervention), C (Comparison with other treatment/current practice), and O (Desired outcome). Is the potential solution something for which you (as nurse or student) can find a solution through evidence research? Look in your book for guidelines to developing your PICO question. Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

Step 2: Identify the problem. What have you noticed in your work or school environment that isn’t achieving the desired patient or learning outcomes? What needs to change in nursing, what can you change with the support of evidence in the literature? Describe the problem or practice issue that you want to research. What is your practice area; clinical, education, or administration? (This is NOT where you will list your PICO question)

Step 3: How was the practice issues identified? How did you come to know this was a problem in your clinical practice? Review the listed concerns and check all that apply.

Step 4: What evidence must be gathered? Everyone should have a literature search. However, what other sources of reliable information will be helpful for your particular question?

Step 5: What terms will you use in order to make sure that your search is wide enough to obtain required information but narrow enough to keep it focused? What databases will you search? How will you narrow your search if needed?

 

 

PICO Worksheet
What is the PICO question? _______Does the use of proper skin hygiene and changing of positions reduce the likelihoods of pressure ulcers occurring? _______________________________________________   Define each element of the question below: P– (Patient, population, or problem): Elderly patients admitted for hip surgery. I– (Intervention): Turn patients in different angles after every three hours and using the required skin hygiene measures through cleaning with soap, clean water, and cream. C– (Comparison with other treatment/current practice): Turing patients alone after every two hours. O– (Desired outcome): The two approaches will reduce the prevalence and occurrence of hospital-acquired ulcers.
What is the practice issue/problem? The issue was identified as a result of an increase in the occurrence of hospital-acquired ulcers in elderly patients who have been admitted for hip surgery.
What is the practice area? _✓__ Clinical ___ Education			___ Administration ___ Other
How was the practice issue identified? (check all that apply) __✓_ Safety/risk management concerns ___ Unsatisfactory patient outcomes ___ Wide variations in practice __✓_ Significant financial concerns		___ Difference between hospital and community practice __✓_ Clinical practice issue is a concern ___ Procedure or process is a time waster ___ Clinical practice issue has no scientific base ___ Other:
What evidence must be gathered? (check all that apply)
_✓__  Literature search _✓__ Guidelines ___ Expert Opinion ___ Patient Preferences	__✓_ Clinical Expertise __✓_ Financial Analysis __✓_ Standards (Regulatory, professional, community) ___ Other
Search terms: The keywords that were used in searching for the information include hospital-acquired ulcers, elderly patients, skin hygiene as well as turn and position intervention
Databases to search: The databases used for the search include PubMed Health library, Cochrane, CINHAL plus since they provide evidence-based research studies.
Search Strategies: Through putting the keywords in the databases and the search with the most recent information regarding the intervention is chosen for the review of the literature. Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Evidence Appraisal Worksheet

Your Name:

Date: July 13, 2016

Your Instructor’s Name:

Purpose: To find evidence to support an intervention that will change the outcomes.

Directions: Type your search question below. Find AT LEAST FOUR sources to support the need for change and the potential intervention you have selected to solve the problem. At least three of your sources must be peer-reviewed articles. The fourth source could be another peer-reviewed article or a reliable, credible source. Look in your text for ideas of other sources that can be used. Using the table below, insert and describe your four chosen resources.

Step 1: APA Reference for the article. You will need to list the reference for the source in APA format. Be careful when using built-in APA formats and library citations. They may not be in APA format. Refer to Chapter 7 of your APA manual.

Step 2: Type of Source. If your source is a research article, you will need to ensure that it is a peer review article. You need at least three peer-reviewed articles for your project. If your article is a non–research source, then you will need to list what type of source it is; systematic review, clinical practice guidelines, organizational experience, or individual expert opinion/case study/literature review. You may only use ONE non-research source.

Step 3: Strength of Research. Refer to page 238-240 for research evidence and page 242-244 for non-research evidence. While you do not need to assign a level for each study, you will assign a quality of evidence (high, good, or low/major flaw) and should discuss the study using some of the elements that are discussed in the appraisal forms. For example, Research evidence: was the sample size adequate? Was there a controlled group? Was it a randomized study? Were results clearly stated? Was the conclusion based on the results? Were study limitations discussed? Not all of these elements need to be discussed, but you should discuss this information to determine if the strength of the evidence is HIGH, GOOD, or LOW/MAJOR FLAW.

Step 4: Brief Description of the Research. In this section, you will summarize the source in your own words. How does this information apply to your project? What are the results of the source? What are their recommendations?

 

Evidence Appraisal Worksheet
PICO Question:  Does the use of proper skin hygiene and changing of positions reduce the likelihoods of pressure ulcers occurring?
	APA Reference for Article Give the APA-formatted reference for the article.	Type of Source *Research: Peer-reviewed article *Non-research systematic review, clinical practice guidelines, organizational experience, or expert opinion/case study/literature review. Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets	Strength of Research Discuss the power of the sources. Report if evidence is High, Good, or Low/Major Flaw. Use the tools on page 238-244 of your text and discuss the reasons why you have assigned a particular level of quality.	Brief Description of Research Address the questions. *How does the information in the article apply to the project problem or proposed intervention? *Summarize in your own words. * Include results of the study and how these results are applicable to your project. * What is the recommendation of the source for clinical practice?
1	Armour-Burton, T., Fields, W., Outlaw, L., & Deleon, E. (2013). The Healthy Skin Project: changing nursing practice to prevent and treat hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Critical care nurse, 33(3), 32-39.	Research: peer reviewed article.	The strength is on the grounds that the report is an investigation that was carried out in Sharp Grossmont Hospital, California. The report evidence is good because the sample used has enough proof that the participants are at risk of developing pressure ulcers.	The facts gathered from this report show that proper skin hygiene minimizes the rate of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. The outcome of the study also proves that prevention methods such as skin care and support of multidisciplinary team reduce the occurrence of the ulcers.
2	Gillespie BM, Chaboyer WP, McInnes E, Kent B, Whitty JA, Thalib L. Repositioning for pressure ulcer prevention in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD009958. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009958.pub2	Non-research: a systematic review.	The effectiveness of this source is that it is based on several evaluated studies. The quality of the proof is poor since the sample size is 502 subjects.	The evidence given indicates that repositioning is an effective approach. However, the researchers recommend further investigation to determine what is the best repositioning method.
3	Moore, Z., Cowman, S., & Posnett, J. (2013). An economic analysis of repositioning for the prevention of pressure ulcers. Journal of clinical nursing, 22(15-16), 2354-2360. Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets	Research: peer reviewed article.	The study is effective since the information obtained is first hand. Therefore, the rating is high since the research used a random method and involved a control group.	The report supports that repositioning prevents the occurrence of the hospital-acquired ulcers. They further recommend that it is low on costs and proves to be effective.
4	Still, M. D., Cross, L. C., Dunlap, M., Rencher, R., Larkins, E. R., Carpenter, D. L., … & Coopersmith, C. M. (2013). The turn team: a novel strategy for reducing pressure ulcers in the surgical intensive care unit. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 216(3), 373-379.	Research: peer-reviewed articles.	The effectiveness of the research is in the research design where a point prevalence method was used in all the 507 participants. Also, the study was done at an appropriate time that spans from December 2008 to September 2010.	The evidence generated agrees that turning patients after every two hours is indeed helpful. The research recommends that the nursing practice should use aggressive interventions to prevent and reduce the occurrence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers.

 

Evidence Appraisal

A study conducted by Gillespie et al. (2014) shows that repositioning is helpful in reducing the development of the hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers develop due to the friction between the sheets and the bony joints which is caused by the weight of the human body. Therefore, it could be said, that they result due to shearing and pressure to patients who are immobile and come in the form of damaged localized tissue.

He further argues that repositioning alongside other intervention will help reduce the development of the ulcers. Repositioning helps the ulcers remain in low volume and aid in the air circulation.

His review involves 502 participants, and the evidence shows that repositioning reduces the occurrence of pressure ulcers. Unfortunately, the studies under consideration failed to give sufficient information about the frequencies in which repositioning should be done.

For that reason, there should be more investigations to establish the effectiveness of the study. Nonetheless, the researchers contend that even though the frequency is not indicated, the method does not mean it is ineffective.

On the other hand, Armour-Burton et al. (2013) support the idea that healthy skin care reduces the development of the hospital-acquired ulcers. The ulcers might even result in severe conditions or even death. Therefore, having a multidisciplinary team will help in the reduction of the state.

The method used was upgrading a current evidence-based practice study where a pressure algorithm was created to foster effective management. At the same time, the collaboration of the staff education, nurse assistances, and liaison nurses was found to be useful.

The outcomes reduced from 0% to 18.92%. Therefore, the mean results attained showed that both the multidisciplinary approach and prevention strategies help in reducing the occurrence and development of the ulcers.

Also, Still et al. (2013) argue that it is necessary and useful to turn patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit after every two hours. This is so because it helps reduce the recurrence of the ulcers. The study further suggests that pressure ulcers are the primary cause of death in SICU patients.

The study was done on 507 SICU patients, and the assessment was taken after every two hours the entire day. Before then, the turning of patients resulted in 42 patients having pressure ulcers. Afterward, the repositioning led to 12 ulcers in 229 patients.

Therefore, the results indicated the constant turning and repositioning reduced the development of the ulcers. Similarly, the different stages of the ulcers could be prevented through this intervention.

On the other hand, Moore et al. (2013) argue that repositioning and tilting patients in a 30-degree angle reduce the development of the ulcers. The study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of the ulcers in the elderly patients. It further evaluated the claims that repositioning was costly.

The population was allocated randomly and involved the control groups. The cost-effectiveness was also measured and found out that costs in the experimental group were €206.6 with 18.5 minutes spent, and the control group was €252.1 with 24.5 minutes spent. Despite this, 88.1% of patients in the control group were free from the ulcers and the same of 99.6% was seen in the experimental group.

Therefore, the study concluded that repositioning after every three hours was sufficient when compared to the time nurses spend. In that regard, repositioning under the EPUAL/NPUAP 2009 rules is economical. Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets

References

Armour-Burton, T., Fields, W., Outlaw, L., & Deleon, E. (2013). The Healthy Skin Project:

changing nursing practice to prevent and treat hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. Critical care nurse, 33(3), 32-39.

Gillespie BM, Chaboyer WP, McInnes E, Kent B, Whitty JA, Thalib L. Repositioning for

pressure ulcer prevention in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD009958. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009958.pub2

Moore, Z., Cowman, S., & Posnett, J. (2013). An economic analysis of repositioning for the

prevention of pressure ulcers. Journal of clinical nursing, 22(15-16), 2354-2360.

Still, M. D., Cross, L. C., Dunlap, M., Rencher, R., Larkins, E. R., Carpenter, D. L., … &

Coopersmith, C. M. (2013). The turn team: a novel strategy for reducing pressure ulcers in the surgical intensive care unit. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 216(3), 373-379.

 

 

 

Capstone Project Milestone #1: PICO and Evidence Appraisal Worksheets.