Urogenital, Digestive, and Circulatory Infection Pathogen Discussion

A reflection discussion of both articles. 150 words each and an additional source in the relection(APA format)

Microbemia
Etiology
Gram-negative enteric bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in the United States. Of these, the most likely agent of a given case of microbemia depends on host characteristics (age, granulocyte count, associated conditions, prior antimicrobial therapy) and epidemiologic setting (community vs. hospital-acquired, travel, animal exposure, etc.).

Pathogenesis
Microbes generally enter the circulatory system via the lymphatics from areas of localized infection or from diseased skin and mucous membranes colonized by members of the normal bacterial flora.

Clinical Manifestations
Microbemias may be asymptomatic, symptomatic, transient, continuous, or intermittent. Microbemias due to small numbers of relatively nonpathogenic microorganisms are usually asymptomatic. Larger inocula or more pathogenic organisms may produce systemic signs and symptoms: fever, chills, rigors, sweating, malaise, sleepiness, and fatigue.

Microbiologic Diagnosis
Techniques used in diagnosis include cultures of localized sites of infection, multiple blood cultures, and (rarely) blood serology.

Prevention and Treatment
Prevention in hospitals consists of hand-washing by personnel in contact with patients and avoidance of unnecessary urinary and intravenous catheterization. After samples are taken for culturing, treatment with intravenous broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents is usually begun, based on an estimate of the most likely organisms and their usual antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. This empirical therapy is modified if necessary when the pathogen and its susceptibility pattern are identified.

Septic Shock
Etiology
Gram-negative enteric bacilli are the most common causes of septic shock, but the syndrome may be produced by a wide range of microorganisms.

Pathogenesis
Vascular injury from the microbes and release of inflammatory mediators cause local circulatory failure and multiorgan failure.

Clinical Manifestations
Manifestations of septic shock are widespread; they include hypotension, hypoxia, respiratory failure, lactic acidosis, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and bleeding.

Microbiologic Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by culturing local infections thought to be the source of microbemia and by culturing the blood.

Prevention and Treatment
Preventive measures are the same as for microbemia. Treatment consists of high-dose intravenous broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, intravenous fluids, supplemental oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and transfusions of blood products and clotting factors, as needed.

Infective Endocarditis
Etiology
Staphylococcus aureus, viridans streptococci, and enterococci are the most common causes of endocarditis.

Pathogenesis
Microbes that enter the blood lodge on heart valves. Previously damaged heart valves are more susceptible. Bacterial colonies become covered with fibrin and platelets, which protect the organisms from phagocytes and complement. Clots may dislodge as infected emboli.

Clinical Manifestations
Infective endocarditis may affect native or abnormal cardiac valves, prosthetic valves, and, secondarily, other intravascular sites. Manifestations include fever, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, skin petechiae, embolic infarction of vital organs, and valve dysfunction with congestive failure. Metastatic infection in acute endocarditis is caused by virulent organisms.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

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Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource