Lehman Brothers Discussion

Lehman Brothers Discussion

The Moral Good in Three Traditional Ethical Theories © Gloria Zúñiga y Postigo Introduction The words “ethics” and “morality” are often used interchangeably. But these actually mean different things. One cannot speak of what is “ethical” until one is clear about what one means by “moral.” In other words, the meaning of the word “ethical” is dependent on the meaning of the word “moral.” So one must start by defining what is “moral.” But when we start looking into this, we find that there are different ways in which this words “moral” or “morality” are understood. This is when we first realize that addressing ethics and morality is much more complicated that what we had initially thought. So let’s proceed methodically. The relation between ethics and morality is as follows: Ethics = the application of moral principles in ordinary life (e.g., rules for action, codes of ethics in business) Morality = all that involves the right and wrong Now, let’s examine what is morality by asking this question: How do we know what is the right thing to do and what is the wrong thing to do? The answer is this that the right thing to do targets the good, and the wrong thing to do is anything that targets evil. These relations can be seen more clearly in this way: The right thing to do → the good The wrong thing to do → evil Summation Putting it all together, we have this: practical life Ethics Morality Doing what is right moral reasoning The Moral Good The Moral Good The main point to remember is that in order to examine ethics, we must first examine morality. And in order to examine morality, one must understand what is meant by the moral good. In the next few slides, you will see how three different ethical theories define what is the moral good.

Lehman Brothers Discussion

This will help you decide which understanding of morality to accept and, in turn, also know how to be ethical in practical life. Warning: Make sure to employ the term “duty” in deontology only in the sense indicated on the slide. Avoid employing “duty” in the ordinary sense, which means to do what one is assigned to do or what is suitable to one’s role. John Stuart Mill Mill’s Utilitarianism Moral Good PLEASURE (the kind of happiness that can be obtained from physical or noble satisfactions) How to Achieve It By acting in ways that bring about the following consequences: ❖ Increase pleasure or reduce pain ❖ Results that apply not only to self but also as many as possible ❖ Those that result from any means that made them possible Purpose To maximize pleasure, or to reduce suffering Immanuel Kant Kant’s Deontology Moral Good DUTY (understood as that which is governed by the Categorical Imperative) How to Achieve It By applying the CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: ❖ Doing only what can be universalized ❖ Treating persons with respect and without denying them dignity or autonomy ❖ Not treating persons as means to an end but only as ends in themselves ❖ Committing to the Kingdom of Ends by one’s owns actions Purpose To do what is objectively right Aristotle Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics Moral Good VIRTUE (understood as the highest moral good that is attainable by the consistent application of the GOLDEN MEAN to all actions] How to Achieve It By improving one’s character as follows:

Lehman Brothers Discussion

❖Using reason to discover the right way of the virtuous agent ❖Acting in moderation (i.e., avoiding deficiency or excess), as guided by the GOLDEN MEAN ❖By developing the habit of acting virtuously with every action Purpose To have a good life, which means to experience happiness through excellence and the fulfillment of one’s nature The Moral Good in Three Traditional Ethical Theories © Gloria Zúñiga y Postigo Introduction The words “ethics” and “morality” are often used interchangeably. But these actually mean different things. One cannot speak of what is “ethical” until one is clear about what one means by “moral.” In other words, the meaning of the word “ethical” is dependent on the meaning of the word “moral.” So one must start by defining what is “moral.” But when we start looking into this, we find that there are different ways in which this words “moral” or “morality” are understood. This is when we first realize that addressing ethics and morality is much more complicated that what we had initially thought. So let’s proceed methodically. The relation between ethics and morality is as follows: Ethics = the application of moral principles in ordinary life (e.g., rules for action, codes of ethics in business) Morality = all that involves the right and wrong Now, let’s examine what is morality by asking this question: How do we know what is the right thing to do and what is the wrong thing to do? The answer is this that the right thing to do targets the good, and the wrong thing to do is anything that targets evil. These relations can be seen more clearly in this way: The right thing to do → the good The wrong thing to do → evil Summation Putting it all together, we have this: practical life Ethics Morality Doing what is right moral reasoning The Moral Good The Moral Good The main point to remember is that in order to examine ethics, we must first examine morality. And in order to examine morality, one must understand what is meant by the moral good. In the next few slides, you will see how three different ethical theories define what is the moral good. This will help you decide which understanding of morality to accept and, in turn, also know how to be ethical in practical life.

Warning: Make sure to employ the term “duty” in deontology only in the sense indicated on the slide. Avoid employing “duty” in the ordinary sense, which means to do what one is assigned to do or what is suitable to one’s role. John Stuart Mill Mill’s Utilitarianism Moral Good PLEASURE (the kind of happiness that can be obtained from physical or noble satisfactions) How to Achieve It By acting in ways that bring about the following consequences: ❖ Increase pleasure or reduce pain ❖ Results that apply not only to self but also as many as possible ❖ Those that result from any means that made them possible Purpose To maximize pleasure, or to reduce suffering Immanuel Kant Kant’s Deontology Moral Good DUTY (understood as that which is governed by the Categorical Imperative) How to Achieve It By applying the CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: ❖ Doing only what can be universalized ❖ Treating persons with respect and without denying them dignity or autonomy ❖ Not treating persons as means to an end but only as ends in themselves ❖ Committing to the Kingdom of Ends by one’s owns actions Purpose To do what is objectively right Aristotle Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics Moral Good VIRTUE (understood as the highest moral good that is attainable by the consistent application of the GOLDEN MEAN to all actions] How to Achieve It By improving one’s character as follows: ❖Using reason to discover the right way of the virtuous agent ❖Acting in moderation (i.e., avoiding deficiency or excess), as guided by the GOLDEN MEAN ❖By developing the habit of acting virtuously with every action Purpose To have a good life, which means to experience happiness through excellence and the fulfillment of one’s nature 9 Logic in Real Life Szepy/iStock/Thinkstock Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Use the standard argument form to construct an argumentative essay. 2. Describe how to strengthen an argumentative essay. 3. Identify elements of the Toulmin model of argumentation and compare and contrast them with the elements employed in the standard argument form. 4. Apply the principles of accuracy and charity when confronting disagreement. 5. Identify and employ qualifiers, hypotheticals, and counterexamples. 6. Identify the differences in meaning between logical terminology and everyday uses of the same terms. 7. Explain the various applications of logic in other fields. 319 © 2015 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution. har85668_09_c09_319-354.indd 319 4/9/15 1:46 PM Section 9.1 The Argumentative Essay In this chapter we will step back and take a broader view of our subject. So far we have been focused on the nuts and bolts of arguments.

We have learned about the elements that constitute them, different kinds of inference, and the many ways that arguments can go wrong. However, the real importance in learning the tools needed to construct arguments lies in our ability to apply them to arguments we encounter in real life. Logic and critical thinking are powerful tools for improving our reasoning, but to apply them successfully requires practice and attention. In this chapter we shall start by going over the necessary steps for constructing your own arguments. Next we will examine how to examine other arguments critically, as well as how to confront disagreement. Finally, we will look at some ways in which arguments and logic are used in various professions for very practical ends. 9.1 The Argumentative Essay In addition to serving as the framework for identifying claims, evaluating arguments, and defending your positions methodically, the standard argument form has another very practical use as the framework for writing argumentative essays. Simply put, an argumentative essay is a genre of writing that presents a logical and methodical defense of a thesis based on supporting research. It includes the recognition of the opposing position to the thesis and the presentation of a successful rebuttal. The argumentative essay format is introduced in some university courses (for example, it is the standard writing style in philosophy), but the format has broad applications when it comes to building arguments generally. Arguments are the fundamental tool in several occupations.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Lehman Brothers Discussion

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Lehman Brothers Discussion

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Lehman Brothers Discussion

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource