Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

Which statement about neurotransmitters and medications is
true?

1. A noncompliant patient states, “Why do you want me to put this poison in my body?” Identify the best response made by the psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP).

A.

“You have to take your medication to become stable.”

B.

“Most medications will increase the number of neurotransmitters that you already have in the brain.”

C.

“Most medications used in treatment are either increasing or decreasing neurotransmitters that your body already has.”

D.

“Why do you believe that your medication is poison?”

QUESTION 2

1. Which statement about neurotransmitters and medications is true?

A.

Natural neurotransmitters such as endorphins have been discovered after the development of medications.

B.

Some medications were developed after the discovery and known action of the neurotransmitters in the brain.

C.

Neurotransmitters receive messages from most medications.

D.

The neurotransmitter serotonin is directly linked to depression. Following this discovery, the antidepressant Prozac was developed.

1 points

QUESTION 3

1. When an unstable patient asks why it is necessary to add medications to his current regimen, the PMHNP’s best response would be:

A.

“In an extreme case such as yours, more than one medication is often needed.”

B.

“Due to the ineffectiveness of your current medication, we need to try something else that can possibly potentiate its effects.

C.

“Medications are often specific to the neurotransmitter(s) they are affecting and, due to more than one neurotransmitter involvement, it is often necessary to use more than one medication to improve symptoms.”

D.

“I understand your concern. We can discontinue your current medication and switch to a different one that may better manage your symptoms.”

1 points

QUESTION 4 ?

1. During gene expression, what must occur prior to a gene being expressed?

A.

Transcription factor must bind to the regulatory region within the cell’s nucleus.

B.

RNA must be converted to mRNA.

C.

The coding region must separate from the regulatory region. This is wrong

D.

RNA polymerase must inhibit the process of changing RNA to mRNA.

1 points

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

QUESTION 5

1. While genes have potential to modify behavior, behavior can also modify genes. How do genes impact this process?

A.

Genes impact neuron functioning directly.

B.

Changes made to proteins lead to changes in behavior.

C.

Neurons are able to impact protein synthesis.

D.

Genes impact the DNA of a cell, leading to changes in behavior.

1 points

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

QUESTION 6

1. Though medications have the ability to target neurotransmitters in the synapse, it is not always necessary. The PMHNP understands that this is because:

A.

Neurotransmission that occurs via the axon allows for transport of a neurotransmitter.

B.

Active transport is a different type of energy that allows the transport of certain neurotransmitters.

C.

Neurotransmitters can spread by diffusion.

D.

The postsynaptic neuron can release the neurotransmitter.

1 points

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

QUESTION 7

1. Why is the cytochrome P450 enzyme system of significance to the PMHNP?

A.

The kidneys play a role with excretion of the medication, and if a patient has kidney damage, the dose must be increased to be effective.

B.

The bioavailability of the medication after it passes through the stomach and liver can be altered. Correct answer

C.

The medication’s chemical composition changes when it comes in contact with the acid in the stomach.

D.

The CYP enzyme system is a steady and predictable process that prescribers must understand to treat conditions effectively.

1 points

QUESTION 8

1. It is important for the PMHNP to recognize differences in pharmacokinetics to safely prescribe and monitor medications. Which of the following statements does the competent PMHNP identify as true?

A.

About 1 out of 5 Asians requires lower-than-normal doses of some antidepressants and antipsychotics.

B.

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

The term polymorphic refers to the body’s ability to break a medication down several ways, and this patient may require higher doses of certain antidepressants and antipsychotics.

C.

About 1 out of 30 Caucasians requires lower doses of some antidepressants and antipsychotics.

D.

Most enzyme pathways do not have interactions between the newer medications.

 

How nerve cells communicate, how their activity is controlled and how it can be recorded. This starts with the ionic basis of the resting membrane potential, how this changes in the initiation of an action potential and an analysis of the presynaptic Ca⁺⁺ channels involved in controlling neurotransmitter release. Postsynaptically neurons are excited or inhibited by the rapid and direct opening of neurotransmitter controlled Na⁺ and Cl⁻ channels but the pattern and frequency of their discharge is determined by slower and smaller changes in potential often involving voltage dependent K⁺ or Ca⁺⁺ channels. Special attention is given to two K⁺ channels (M and SKa) vital to membrane repolarisation and Ca⁺⁺ channels involved in rhythmic cell firing. The role of these channels is clearly illustrated as is the patch clamp technique for recording single channel and whole cell currents in vitro and the extracellular recording of evoked potentials and EEG in vivo.

Assignment: NURS 6630 Neurotransmitters

Conventional transmitters that occur in afferent fibers to the cortex from brain-stem and basal forebrain sites are: serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, and acetylcholine. All of these except dopamine are distributed to all cortical areas: dopamine is distributed to frontal and cingulate areas only. The transmitter in thalamic afferent systems is unknown.

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the transmitter used by the majority of cortical interneurons and has a profound effect upon the shaping of receptive field properties. The vast majority of the known cortical peptides are found in GABAergic neurons, and the possibility exists that they may act as trophic substances for other neurons. Levels of certain neuropeptides decline in cases of dementia of cortical origin. Acetylcholine is the only other known transmitter of cortical neurons. It, too, is contained in neurons that also contain a neuropeptide.

The transmitter(s) used by excitatory cortical interneurons and by the efferent pyramidal cells is unknown, but it may be glutamate or aspartate. It is possible that excitotoxins released in anoxic disease of the cortex may produce damage by acting on receptors for these or related transmitter agents.