Laboratory and Diagnostic Test Results Worksheet

In this course project assignment, you are presented with laboratory and diagnostic test results for two different patients. Laboratory tests include results from blood and urine tests, along with testing of other body fluids such as feces, secretions, throat swabs, etc. Diagnostic testing includes procedures such as x-ray, MRI, CT scans, ultrasounds, echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, etc. These types of diagnostic procedures often require interpretation by a physician. In this case, you may find a separate document with the physician’s conclusions from the test results.

You will be exploring the medical terminology used in these test results and will be asked to interpret the meanings of various words and abbreviations.

To complete this assignment, do the following:

1. Download the test results for the two patients:Steve Nguyen Test Results
2. Download, complete, and submit the document below. This document contains questions you will answer regarding the test results for each patient.

Submit your completed assignment by following the directions linked below. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.

Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. (Mac users, please remember to append the “.docx” extension to the filename.) The name of the file should be your first initial and last name, followed by an underscore and the name of the assignment, and an underscore and the date. An example is shown below:

Jstudent_exampleproblem_101504

Recent technological developments have created a new generation of laboratory diagnostics, which promise to provide better ways of detecting diseases and monitoring response to treatment. These tests create the possibility of earlier and more accurate diagnosis, and of shifting health care from hospitals to the community—making it more effective, efficient, and accessible. But two recent reports—one of which is published this week—highlight the relatively low importance given by clinicians and policy makers to evaluating laboratory diagnostic tests.  In an accompanying analysis, Melzer and colleagues outline the problems caused by this, specifically relating to the evaluation of genetic tests, and propose ways of overcoming them.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource

So how should we evaluate tests? First, we must be clear about the purpose of the test—whether it is meant to diagnose, monitor, guide prognosis or treatment, or predict risk. Then the context in which it is used needs to be specified—for example, the disorder or disease, its prevalence in a particular population, and the care pathway that the test forms part of. Evaluating a test outside that care pathway is of limited use.

We can then use the ACCE framework: the Analytic validity (to what extent the test measures what it claims); its Clinical validity (its ability to detect or predict the presence or absence of disease—its sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value); its Clinical usefulness (does the test lead to better patient outcomes?); and any Ethical, social, or legal implications (and perhaps economic implications in cost conscious health services).

Clinical usefulness should be the most important factor when deciding whether or not to adopt a test. But this is the least likely domain to be evaluated—to produce such primary evidence needs complex and expensive studies, often randomised controlled trials, with high quality of reporting to allow systematic review. Some high profile tests are currently being fully evaluated, such as testing for human papillomavirus, which is being evaluated by the ARTISTIC study. Such rigorous evaluation is not possible or necessary for all tests, but only for those that might lead to major changes in a care pathway and possibly substantial gain for patients. But the results of simpler forms of evaluation—at the very least of analytical and clinical validity—should be readily available, perhaps in a database of tests approved for use within health services. At present, even these results are often difficult to find.

A major reason for poor evaluation is that the regulatory framework for diagnostic tests is weak, with no international standards and no agreement on what evidence is required or by whom. Diagnostic tests are currently “CE” marked, which usually means that the manufacturer certifies that the product meets basic European Union safety and health requirements. In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency expects the manufacturer to produce evidence for any clinical claims made for a test, but this lacks transparency and at best is limited to analytical and clinical validity. The NHS Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing reviews whatever evidence is available of clinical and cost effectiveness to advise NHS commissioners. But neither body can demand evidence of clinical usefulness, so manufacturers have little incentive to undertake such studies. Because diagnostics manufacturing companies are often small and lack experience in large scale trials or evaluations, they may need help with expertise and funding to produce better evidence.