NSG 498 Senior Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Essay

1 Title of Paper Student Name Institution Course/Number Due Date Faculty Name 2 Title of Paper Double click your mouse anywhere in this paragraph to replace this text with your introduction. Often the most important paragraph in the entire essay, the introduction grabs the reader’s attention—sometimes a difficult task for academic writing. When writing an introduction, some approaches are best avoided. Avoid starting sentences with “The purpose of this essay is . . .” or “In this essay I will . . .” or any similar flat announcement of your intention or topic. Level One Heading Replace the level one heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. Headings are a necessary part of helping your audience track the sub-topics discussed in the body of the essay or report. Be sure to indent the first line of each paragraph between five and seven spaces by pressing the Tab key one time on the keyboard. In addition, remember to double space the entire paper using the double space functionality in Word. This template is already formatted for double spacing. In addition, keep in mind an academic essay should contain at least five paragraphs, which includes the introduction (introductory paragraph), the body (which is generally at least 3 paragraphs), and the conclusion (generally one paragraph). Most well-developed paragraphs contain at least 3-5 sentences, one of which is the topic sentence. Limit each body paragraph to one sub-topic. Level Two Heading Replace the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. 3 Conclusion The closing paragraph is designed to bring the reader to your way of thinking if you are writing a persuasive essay, to understand relationships if you are writing a comparison/contrast essay, or simply to value the information you provide in an informational essay. The closing paragraph summarizes the key points from the supporting paragraphs without introducing any new information. 4 References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, triple click your mouse on this line of text and replace the information with your reference entry. You can use the Reference and Citation Examples (Center for Writing Excellence > Reference and Citation Examples) to help format your source information into a reference entry. The reference page always begins on the top of the next page after the conclusion. NSG 498 Senior Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Essay

Running Head: SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Date Faculty Name 1 SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM 2 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Ventilator-associated pneumonia is an infection of the lung that usually progress in a person who is on a ventilator (Hunter, 2016). A ventilator is a machine used to help a patient breathe by giving them oxygen through a tube placed in the patient’s nose or mouth or through a hole in the front of the neck. If germs enter through the pipe into the patient’s lungs, it can cause infection. Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common lethal infection noticed in patients who require treatments in intensive care units. This infection has significantly caused an increase in morbidity and mortality, not forgetting to include healthcare costs. This paper identifies the problems associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia being addressed and the setting in which these problems occur, a proposal on how to address the problem, and the ethical, legal, and regulatory concerns relating to the problem. Definition of the Problem In the Intensive care unit (ICU), patients are at risk of dying from deaths related to their critical illness and secondary processes such as ventilator-associated infections. Ventilatorassociated pneumonia usually occurs within 48 hours after the patient has been intubated and received mechanical ventilation (Hunter, 2016). In the U.S, it is reported that 250,000 to 300,000 cases related to ventilator-associated pneumonia occur per year, making it an incident rate of nearly 10 cases per every 1,000-hospital entree. With the infections in critically ill patients accounting for a considerable share of the cost associated with care, morbidity, and mortality rate, the rate of infection, which is about 40%, may increase to 50% or 60% for those patients that spend four or more days in the intensive care unit. Pneumonia obtained in the ICU after 48 hours of intubation ranges from 10% to 70%, whereas respiratory infection accounts for 30 to 50% of all infections acquired in the ICU SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM 3 (Kalanuria, 2017). Ventilator-associated pneumonia mortality rates have been very high, ranging from 35% to 75%, accounting for 14% of the deaths in the ICU. Summary Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) strongly correlate with vital morbidity and mortality rate as one of the most common infections closely linked with health care in the intensive care unit. In a study about Ventilator-associated pneumonia it was found that 14% of causalities in the ICU are as a result of VAP which usually occur 48 hours after the intubation of a patient. VAP proves to be an underline problem that the health care personnel are facing year in year out, making it a problem to be closely looked at and addressed. For this reason, I have drafted a proposal that will help manage and address the problem of ventilator-associated pneumonia. To prevent the cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia from rising, I propose developing a new ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle through the use of a systematic approach that draws out clinicians’ ideas and methods on which acts of intervening are most important and practical to implement (Resar, 2015). These approaches will reduce the risk of VAP infection to critically ill patients in the ICU. One of the approaches that I am proposing is to minimize ventilator exposure for the patients. NSG 498 Senior Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Essay

I propose and advocate for the use of non-invasive ventilation approaches, like continuous positive airway pressure. This approach helps a patient breathe easily during sleep, and it is non-invasive with minimal risks of infection. In this approach, the patient can also put on a helmet instead of an uncomfortable face mask. The helmet provides better comfort and results in a significantly lower intubation rate. Providing excellent oral hygiene care is also a robust approach as many patients’ health deteriorates when mechanically ventilated because they SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM 4 sustain injuries during the intubation process. This complication and the compromised immune system cause an increase in the bacteria, with the tube serving as the passageway for the bacteria to get to the lungs. There has been a significant advancement regarding healthcare and technology over the last decade, and the studies that have been carried out on the research of infectious diseases have dramatically impacted the healthcare industry; as infections, there are various ways and approaches that have been brought forward to dealing with these infections. This has also brought about substantial issues relating to ethical, legal, and regulatory concerns on the courses being taken to deal with these new approaches. These issues have significantly been propelled by the increase of new studies and research that raises human test subjects’ problems, unauthorized or unsanctioned approaches, administering drugs unregulated by the FDA, and patients’ rights to receiving the best care possible. It is illegal to use human subjects in medical research. It dramatically affects the study of which approaches are best and well suited to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia cases. Some loved ones to patients prefer the patient’s treatment to be non-invasive as they consider some approaches to be unethical and not following human rights. This poses threat to the new methods to undergo various testing and regulations to be administered to the victims. Conclusion I chose this problem because it is one area which has greatly been neglected and which many ill intensive care unit patients succumb to. I also believe this is a threat to the healthcare that calls for immediate addressing. Various researches sanctioned to study this problem further and find a definite way of dealing with the problem as early as possible to reduce the high rate of morbidity and motility amongst patients in the ICU. I believe the conclusion drawn from these SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM research papers would significantly impact how healthcare practitioners deal with ventilatorassociated pneumonia. 5 SENIOR LEADERSHIP PRACTICUM 6 References NSG 498 Senior Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Essay

Chow, M. C., Kwok, S. M., Luk, H. W., Law, J. W., & Leung, B. P. (2019). Effect of continuous oral suctioning on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies, 49(11), 1333-1341. Hunter, J. D. (2016). Ventilator-associated pneumonia. BMJ, 344. Kalanuria, A. A., Mirski, M., & Ziai, W. (2017). Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2014, 65-77. Kollef, M. H. (2017). Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Critical Care Infectious Diseases Textbook, 707-717. Resar, R., Pronovost, P., Haraden, C., Simmonds, T., Rainey, T., & Nolan, T. (2015). Using a bundle approach to improve ventilator care processes and reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, 31(5), 243248. …