AI and Law Enforcement

/in /by

AI and Law Enforcement

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence is currently being used in the criminal justice system through its advanced tools that help in forensic analysis, surveillance, and decision-making.  It has become an essential ingredient in criminal justice system and is increasingly being relied upon by American local law enforcement. Despite the potential for AI to enhance efficiency and objectivity in criminal investigations, major ethical and reliability concerns do arise. This report examines the application of AI in forensic technology, addresses debates over how AI might be used either to help solve or contribute to racism in the law, reconsiders public fears of AI, and then analyzes ethical implications and reliability. The report further discusses a case in which AI was used to solve a criminal incident, considering how the case was solved and the impacts on the use of the technology in the field.

The use of forensic technology within the context of artificial intelligence

Forensic technology employing AI has revitalized the means of collection, analysis, and interpretation of evidence. Facial recognition, DNA analysis, prediction of crime patterns, and digital forensics are all now being carried out using different AI systems. These systems can sift through big data sets much quicker and identify those patterns which otherwise would go unnoticed by human investigators. For instance, AI-powered tools such as CompStat help police departments analyze crime trends and effectively deploy resources. Similarly, AI-powered software such as Clearview AI has been used in identifying suspects through facial recognition technology.

Nonetheless, AI’s reliance on big data inputs also brings challenges, the prominent one being biases inherent in the training data. Forensic technologies depend on clean, unbiased datasets to function correctly. According to Gipson Rankin (2021), inaccuracies or manipulated data have the potential to lead to wrongful convictions or overlooked suspects, where the very justice it is designed to support is prejudiced by AI. Still, the report by the RAND Corporation stresses that unregulated use of AI in the police increases the likelihood for ethical breaches and unintended outcomes (Yeung et al., 2021)

The potentialities of AI in forensic sciences are limitless. For example, AI can speed up processes that are quite tiresome for humans to undertake, such as fingerprint analysis or comparisons in handwriting. These automated tools do not only save time but also reduce human error. However, their accuracy would depend on well-trained algorithms. That is why apprehensions about bias and inaccuracies persist. AI learns from the data it is fed, and if that data contains human errors or prejudices, then the system reproduces these flaws at scale.

Arguments for “AI is as likely to contribute to racism in the law as it is a means to end it.” 

The two competing arguments in this report are that AI can be used to perpetuate racism or as a tool to combat it. The first argument is that if the AI systems are fed biased historical data, then they are bound to make recommendations with racial biases and may even exaggerate them. Examples of such instances include predictive policing tools, which have been used to stereotype and create injustices within minority communities such as African Americans. As reported by the RAND Corporation, without robust oversight, these systems risk embedding systemic biases into operational decisions, further marginalizing communities of color (Yeung et al., 2021). Conversely, some proponents say AI can reduce human bias by applying the same set of algorithms across decision-making. Conceivably, these algorithms can examine cases based on the facts of a case rather than prejudices, as a result, arriving at a fairer conclusion. For example, AI systems that anonymize inputs prior to analysis cannot engage in racial profiling during investigations.

In this argument, I hold the cautious perspective. Although AI can help fight against racism, it increases the bias in its current applications because of poor data and inadequate oversight. There needs to be continuous monitoring and transparency at the algorithmic design so that AI contributes to bridging rather than widening up the racial gap (Gipson Rankin, 2021). Furthermore, the fact that AI plays a reinforcing role in structural inequalities has to be recognized. The criminal justice system has always had biases against minority groups, especially Black Americans. AI tools also tend to be prejudicial against these groups since they were trained on biased datasets, further increasing the disparity that already exists. Fairness in AI involves much more than just a few technical fixes; fairness involves cooperation by engineers, lawyers, and community leaders in finding and rooting out biases at every level of design and implementation.

Public Fears and the Reality of Concerns Related to AI. 

Public Fears and the Reality of Concerns related to AI is majorly anchored in its lack of transparency and accountability. Many fear that “technology automated” decisions could lead to unjust outcomes because machines do not have the moral judgment necessary particularly in intricate situations. The New Orleans case is illustrative of this fear, where citizens are worried if law enforcement can actually govern the use of AI responsibly. I basically agree with these being valid concerns. Indeed, Gipson Rankin (2021) describes how the opacity of AI often denies those affected any legal recourse in instances where errors have been committed due to data being hacked or because of flawed algorithms. Besides this, cybersecurity risks also raise a number of public mistrust issues, with evidence of breaches concerning sensitive forensic data. Public fears provide support and firm basis for the need for rigorous oversight mechanisms that ensure the ethical and reliable use of AI tools (Yeung et al., 2021). Public fears also reflect broader concerns about the potential misuse of AI in surveillance. Citizens have described AI-powered surveillance as “surveillance on steroids,” emphasizing its invasive nature and the lack of safeguards to prevent abuse. This is reflected in studies showing that over 70% of Americans worry about AI replacing human judgment in critical tasks, such as law enforcement decision-making (Yeung et al., 2021).

Example of AI in Criminal Investigation

One prominent case is that of the “Golden State Killer,” Joseph James DeAngelo. The police used an AI genealogy website, GEDmatch, to test the DNA evidence from the crime scenes (Wickenheiser, 2019). Comparing the DNA profile of the suspect to the publicly available genetic material pointed them to his distant relatives and finally to himself. The most important role of AI here was to narrow the list of suspects from millions down to just one. However, genetic data used in such techniques involve voluntary submission by persons unaware of possible uses in law enforcement applications. This example shows that though AI could solve complex cases. However these solutions raise ethical dilemmas as well.

Methods I would use to solve the case

If I were to be tasked with solving this case, I would use AI tools in strict conformity with the ethical guidelines. First, data anonymization techniques will be employed to protect the identity of individuals while analyzing the data. Second, the process should be transparent; this means providing documentation of the decision-making process of the AI system for external audits. I would also work with human investigators in validating the findings from AI so that they meet the standards set by the law. Additionally, I would add steps of community input during AI system development to increase public trust. Further, I would seek the involvement of diverse stakeholders in the design process for an AI system, considering fairness and inclusivity with a view of reducing the probability of biased outcomes. Rigorous testing of these AI tools in controlled environments before they go live would also be essential (Gipson Rankin, 2021). Such tests would mimic a wide range of scenarios so that the developers could find the weak points and further refine the algorithms to make them more reliable and fair. This means that AI systems have to be constantly updated and trained to keep them abreast of new challenges, such as changes in criminal behavior or advancements in forensic science.

Ethical Implications of Using AI

The use of AI raises ethical concerns and challenges. AI systems make decisions that can affect people’s lives, sometimes without them even realizing it. This means AI-generated decisions can potentially lead to harm. Reliance on AI, facial recognition technologies, for instance, has led to the increased error rate in recognizing individuals with darker skin, more so affecting minority communities than others (Gipson Rankin, 2021).  These are issues that demand the implementation of ethical frameworks, such as impact assessments prior to the deployment of AI tools and diverse stakeholders in their development. Additionally, regulations must hold AI developers and users accountable for ensuring fairness and accuracy in their applications. Besides that, ethical issues also go to data security. According to RAND Corporation, vulnerabilities in the AI system can result in a data breach. This can result in sensitive information being compromised. Ethical use of AI should ensure cybersecurity mechanisms are maintained in order to protect privacy and avoid misusing individuals’ personal information. (Yeung et al., 2021).

Reliability of using AI technology to solve the case.

Reliability of AI in criminal investigations would therefore be based on data quality, design of the algorithm, and oversight of the system. While AI is particularly appropriate to process large datasets for finding patterns, it makes decisions as good as the quality of data that trains the algorithm. Poor quality or biased data can result in grave mistakes. For example wrongful cases of arrest due to faulty face recognition systems. Furthermore, the particulars of a criminal investigation generally entail subjective elements that AI alone can’t grasp (Gipson Rankin, 2021). For example, motive or intent is only contextualized by investigators through understanding and, therefore, exceeds mere raw data. The implication, therefore, is that while AI is helpful, it needs to supplement rather than supplant human judgment. Other issues of reliability arise out of increased cybersecurity risks. In this regard, hackers can compromise AI systems, distort outputs, and, in the process, frustrate justice

Conclusion

In the criminal justice system, AI has introduced advanced methods of forensic analysis and decision-making. However, it is worth noting that its applications do not go without ethical concerns and issues related to their reliability. However, looking at AI being utilized in the investigation of critical cases, like the renowned case “Golden State Killer,” it would be concluded that AI possesses huge potential toward being effective and efficient in complementing performance, notwithstanding a number of challenges.

References

Gipson Rankin, S. M. (2021). Technological tethereds: potential impact of untrustworthy artificial intelligence in criminal justice risk assessment instruments. Wash. & Lee L. Rev., 78, 647.

Wickenheiser, R. A. (2019). Forensic genealogy, bioethics and the Golden State Killer case. Forensic science international: Synergy, 1, 114-125.

Yeung, D., Khan, I., Kalra, N., & Osoba, O. (2021). Identifying systemic bias in the acquisition of machine learning decision aids for law enforcement applications. RAND.

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

AI and Law Enforcement

There are ethical and reliability concerns about artificial intelligence (AI) making law enforcement, homeland security, private security, and corrections operational decisions. This is explained in a January 2021 research publication by the Rand Corporation, created by Douglas Yeung, Inez Khan, Nidhi Kalra, and Osonde A. Osoba.

AI is increasingly relied upon by American local law enforcement, as documented in a Wall Street Journal presentation on July 3, 2019. This documentation focuses on the New Orleans, LA, police department, which uses many cameras set up on street corners and places where humans are found. Because of this, AI analyzes the tremendous amount of information and makes decisions (not humans) regarding what needs to be addressed by police.

In this New Orleans presentation, private citizens call this AI surveillance as “surveillance on steroids!” Private citizens also ask in this presentation who makes sure that AI performs as intended. Also, can the police be trusted to police themselves regarding what is quickly becoming “technology automated” (machines making the decisions) and not human law enforcement authorities?

You are part of a task force to research the use of forensic data and technology that relies upon artificial intelligence (AI). Your manager has asked for an analysis report on potential current uses of AI in criminal investigations.

Read the article from the University Library.

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word analysis report responding to the following:

  • Analyze the use of forensic technology within the context of artificial intelligence.
  • Provide a stance on the two arguments presented in the article about “AI is as likely to contribute to racism in the law as it is a means to end it.”
  • Explain why you would or would not agree about “Public Fears and the Reality of Concerns Related to AI.”
  • Provide an example of the use of AI in a criminal investigation case and evaluate its use to solve it.
  • Explain the methods you would use to solve the case.
  • Assess the ethical implications of using technology such as AI in criminal investigations.
  • Assess the reliability of using AI technology to solve the case.

Please cite two literature references (found outside the classroom) using correct APA formatting in the body of this report that reinforces what you are saying, and list these two literature references with correct APA formatting on a literature reference page at the end of this report…eight points deducted for each missing literature reference. 

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Lesser Included Offense

/in /by

Lesser Included Offense

What Is a Lesser Included Offense?

A lesser-included offense is a crime that is related to and arises from another crime. Simply put, it’s when the charges against someone are simplified because some of the crimes are part of another crime. For example, if you’re charged with manslaughter, you might also be charged with homicide (State V. Wine, No. 2012–1611., n.d.).

How Do Courts Determine if a Crime Is a Lesser Included Offense?

When a criminal defendant is charged with a crime, the prosecutor will often file additional charges related to that same act. This is done to give the defendant more than one option when it comes time to plead guilty or go to trial. The court makes the decision as to whether a crime is a lesser included offense. The “elements test” is known as the “elements test” and looks at each crime’s statutory elements. If all of the elements of the lesser offense are also included in the greater offense, then the court will find that the lesser offense is a part of, or included in, the greater offense (State V. Wine, No. 2012–1611., n.d.).

Can Someone Be Convicted of Multiple Crimes for One Act?

Generally speaking, a person can be convicted of multiple crimes for the same act. This is called multiple conviction or multiplicity. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, if the crimes are based on the same conduct, the defendant can only be convicted of one crime. Additionally, if the crimes are based on different victims or are prosecuted in different states, the defendant can be convicted of multiple crimes. There are also situations where a person can be convicted of similar or related offenses for the same act. This is called constructive replication. For this to happen, the statutes covering the offenses must be substantially similar (State V. Wine, No. 2012–1611., n.d.).

Does the Lesser Included Offense Violate the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment?

Double jeopardy is defined as the prohibition against being prosecuted more than once for the same criminal act – and this applies to lesser included offenses, too, which is found in the Fifth Amendment act. For example, if someone is charged with murder and then convicted of a lesser included offense such as manslaughter, they can’t be later charged with murder since they have already been convicted of an offense that is necessarily included. In other words, double jeopardy protections prohibit individuals from being tried again for the same or similar crimes when already convicted for a lesser included offense. However, something to consider is how a person can still be prosecuted for multiple crimes stemming from one act; this happens when the material elements of each crime vary in some way. Although prosecutors must avoid assigning multiple punishments for the same offense under the Double Jeopardy Clause, they can still bring separate charges if there are distinct acts involved (D, 2019).

How Do Material Elements of Crimes Vary to Allow for Multiple Convictions for the Same Act or Similar Offenses?

Elements are defined as the particulars of a crime, such as the specific acts or intent prohibited by a law, which must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to establish guilt. Material elements may include facts such as who committed the act, when and where it was committed, and the means used in its commission. For example, suppose two people are charged with first-degree murder for killing one person in the same location at the same time with the same weapon. In that case, they may still be found guilty of separate crimes if evidence shows that one person acted with premeditation while the other did not. In this case, premeditation would be considered a material element that could lead to different verdicts (State V. Wine, No. 2012–1611., n.d.).

Specific Examples of Material Elements of Crimes?

For example, criminal mischief requires damage intentionally caused by the offender, while vandalism requires graffiti or another defacement to property with the intent to damage it. Therefore, if a person is alleged to have committed damage with intent, they could be charged with either criminal mischief or vandalism under certain circumstances; however, they could not be charged with both as this would violate the double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment. Similarly, suppose an offender causes unintentional damage while trying to steal something. In that case, they could be convicted of theft and criminal mischief as they are two distinct material elements of the crime (State V. Wine, No. 2012–1611., n.d.).

References

D, J. (2019, February 4). The Concept of Double Jeopardy: Background. Findlaw. https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-rights/the-concept-of-double-jeopardy-background.html/

State v. Wine, No. 2012–1611. (n.d.). vLex. https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-v-wine-no-889777833

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Lesser Included Offense

Paper details
Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read Trial Courts May Instruct Juries on
Lesser Included Offenses, The Concept of Double Jeopardy: Background and Triple
Murder Suspect Goes from Guilty to Innocent and Back to Guilty. Additionally,
watch Case No. 2012-1611: Douglas J. Wine v. State of Ohio.
One area of the law essential to understand is the concept of lesser included offenses.
Your initial post must be at least 300 words in length. In this discussion, address the
following prompts:
 Define the criminal justice legal term of lesser included offense.
 Assess how courts determine whether a crime is a lesser included offense.
 Explain whether someone can be convicted for multiple crimes for one act.
 Evaluate how lesser included offenses do not violate the double jeopardy clause
of the fifth amendment.
 Examine the material elements of crimes and how they can vary to allow for
multiple prosecutions for the same acts or similar offenses. Provide specific
examples to support your answer.

Sentenced to Abuse

/in /by

Sentenced to Abuse

Title of the article: Sentenced to Abuse: Trans People in Prison Suffer Rape, Coercion, Denial of Medical Treatment

The main idea of the article:

In this article, the author exposes the violence, discrimination, and neglect that the transgender community experiences when incarcerated in the American prison system. It also goes ahead to advocate for the various reforms that need to be placed and alternatives to incarceration.

Important facts that support the main idea:

In highlighting the violence and discrimination of the transgender community, this article cites various statistics and reports from various sources. These include reports such as the National Center for Transgender Equality, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the American Civil Liberties Union to show the high rates of sexual assault, harassment, solitary confinement, and denial of health care that trans people experience in prison.

The article goes the extra mile in providing the different personal stories and testimonies of the various trans people who have been imprisoned and abused by the American prison system. These are people such as Ashley Diamond, Ky Peterson, and CeCe McDonald.

The article digs deeper and discusses the legal challenges and the various advocacy efforts that trans people and their communities have undertaken to fight for their rights. The main goal of these initiatives is to improve the conditions in the American prison, have the ability to put forward credible lawsuit petitions, and for reaching campaigns.

Information or ideas that are also discussed in the textbook:

The book titled “Human Sexuality,” authored by Elizabeth Schroeder delves into the subject matter of transgender identification and the societal obstacles encountered by individuals who identify as transgender. The aforementioned concerns encompass matters such as discriminatory practices, social stigma, acts of violence, and inequities in health outcomes. The aforementioned material can be located inside Chapter 5 of the specified book, specifically on pages 136 to 139.

Chapter 11 of the textbook explores the topic of sexual violence and its ramifications on the physical and mental well-being of individuals who have experienced it. This chapter of the book also examines the diverse range of preventative and intervention options that are accessible to individuals within this particular demographic. The specific location of the information can be found in Chapter 11, spanning pages 322 to 327.

The textbook also discusses the criminal justice system and its significant influence on the formation of sexual norms and behaviors among individuals and groups. It also highlights the challenges and necessary changes required to guarantee justice and equity for all members of society. The topic at hand is discussed in Chapter 15, specifically on pages 436 to 439.

Evaluation of the article:

By analyzing this article, one thing is clear, and that is it’s very informative and persuasive in presenting issues that trans people face in prison and the need for change. To address this issue, the article uses credible sources, compelling stories, and logical arguments to support its main idea and to appeal to the readers’ emotions, values, and reason. As per my analysis, I am of the idea that this article is balanced and fair in acknowledging the complexity and diversity of the issue and the different perspectives and interests that are involved. The article does not oversimplify or generalize the situation but rather recognizes the variations and nuances that exist among trans people, prisons, and policies.

No instances of bias or faulty reasoning were evident in the article. However, it would have been advantageous for the article to adopt a more equitable and nuanced approach by acknowledging the obstacles and constraints that the prison system encounters in its efforts to cater to the requirements and entitlements of transgender individuals. These challenges may include insufficient resources, inadequate training, and a lack of awareness among both prison personnel and inmates. Additionally, recognizing the intricate and varied nature of transgender identities and expressions would have contributed to a more comprehensive analysis. The article may have additionally delved into alternate perspectives or counterarguments pertaining to this subject, including the viewpoints and experiences of other incarcerated individuals, prison administrators, or policymakers.

Article No 2.

Title of the article: The case against having kids

Main idea of the article

The article explores the reasons why some people choose not to have children and challenges the social and cultural norms that pressure people to reproduce.

Important facts that support the main idea

The article cites statistics that show a rising trend of voluntary childlessness among women and men in developed countries, especially among the educated and affluent.

The article quotes various sources, such as books, studies, surveys, and personal testimonies, that reveal the drawbacks of having children, such as loss of freedom, happiness, income, and environmental impact.

The article criticizes the pro-natalist culture that celebrates motherhood as the ultimate goal for women and stigmatizes those who opt out of it as selfish, unnatural, or defective.

Information or ideas discussed in the article that are also discussed in the textbook

Chapter 1, page 9: The textbook mentions the concept of “child-free by choice” and the factors that influence this decision, such as education, career, and personal preference.

Chapter 2, page 38: The textbook discusses the biological and evolutionary aspects of reproduction and the role of hormones and genes in influencing the desire to have children.

Chapter 15, page 472: The textbook examines the social and psychological effects of parenthood and the challenges and rewards of raising children in different contexts and circumstances.

Evaluation of the article

I think the article is interesting and provocative, as it presents a different perspective on a topic that is often taken for granted or not questioned. I think the article raises some valid points about the costs and benefits of having children and the need for more respect and acceptance for those who choose not to.

However, I also think the article is biased and exaggerated, as it relies heavily on negative and extreme examples of parenthood and childlessness, and ignores the positive and moderate ones. I think the article also uses some faulty reasoning, such as generalizing from personal experience, appealing to emotion, and oversimplifying complex issues.

References

Kingston, A. (2018, April 6). The case against having kids – Macleans.ca. Macleans.ca. https://macleans.ca/culture/no-kids-no-grief/

Rewire News Group. (2015, May 13). Sentenced to abuse: Trans people in prison suffer rape, coercion, denial of medical treatment. https://rewirenewsgroup.com/2015/05/12/sentenced-abuse-trans-people-prison-suffer-rape-coercion-denial-medical-treatment/

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Sentenced to Abuse

Paper details
This assignment provides students with the opportunity further explore various topics
from the class and to potentially experience them from another perspective.
Instructions: Choose one article from set C and another from set D (see below).  After
reading each paper, you will then need to answer the prompts below. Make sure you
discuss each article separately.     Title of the article Briefly state the main idea of the
article (5 points).  Summarize 3 (or more) important facts that the author uses to
support the main idea (5 points).  Identify which information or ideas discussed in this
article are also discussed in your textbook. List the textbook chapters and page numbers
(5 points) Evaluate the article. Describe your thoughts or reaction to the information
presented in the article. And list any examples of bias or faulty reasoning that you found
in the article (10 points).       Although I care more about the thoroughness of your posts
than spelling/ grammar, if the spelling and grammar are so poor that it gets in the way
of the reader’s ability to understand your point, points (not exceeding 5/50) will be
deducted from your score.

https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:VA6C2:a1ce43fa-7e4d-469e-9341-
fadeb6c3dded?comment_id=fbd47ece-ede4-43d0-bca6-
dfc4809486e8&showComments=true

Problem Solving Courts

/0 Comments/in /by

Problem Solving Courts

Law courts dealing with problematic delinquents honestly are latest and growing at a considerable rate in American court of justice system. They are proficiently advanced in specific social problems for instance domestic violence and addiction.

Courts dealing with rational health are planned for the application of problem-oriented approaches to escalate the reaction of the court system to totally mentally-ill delinquents. Such offenders are connected with relevant communal and well-being services in an attempt to diminish the probability of recidivism (Boldt, 2014). Participants accused of grave offenses are accepted in an attempt to utilize constructive motivations to aid partakers avoid penitentiary prohibitions while the courts heavily relies on medics’ information for the evaluation of the value of numerous intermediations.

Courts related to home vehemence are special in profoundly concentrating on the court‘s understanding of the offender. The goals of these courts is the safety of the victim while the involvement of the defendants is classically compulsory grounded on affiliation criteria  (Boldt, 2014). Programs are used to dominate the delinquent’s time and observe their behavior. Additionally, these courts are predominantly apprehensive with pre-program other than after-program actions at the same time disobedience is deliberated to drive a point to the offenders and the community as a whole that domestic violence is not tolerable. These law courts dedicate capitals to delinquent amenities and sustenance.

Problem solving courts are determined by their ability to employ means of rehabilitation to solve the root causes of criminality and usage of intimidating influence to achieve similar satisfying objectives (Po rt e r, R e m p el, & M a n s k y, 2010). In a nutshell, the two efforts  are aimed at reducing recidivism and escalate public safety above what would be achieved through confinement alone therefore intensifying the duties of the court process from law administration to alleviating the problem of re-offending.

In conclusion, these courts seek to adapt goals that are neither change-specific nor limited by the clumsy usage that is nurtured by undetermined entitlement standards.

References

Boldt, R. C. (2014). reforming the criminal justice system. Problem-Solving Courts, 273-304.

Po rt e r, R., R e m p el, ,., & M a n s k y, A. (2010). What Makes a court problem solving? center for court innovation, 1-75.

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Problem Solving Courts

Paper details
Provide and discuss examples of successful problem solving courts? What factors are
important to consider when making this determination?

Violent Crimes

/0 Comments/in /by

Violent Crimes

Introduction:

As per a research study conducted by the (National Institute of Justice, n.d.), it is evident that Law enforcement agencies face numerous challenges when in the process of investigating and prosecuting cases of women/child sex tourism. According to this study, one of the primary issues is the covert nature of these activities. This makes it very difficult for the relevant authorities to identify victims and perpetrators of these atrocious crimes. In many instances, the victims of these crimes often fear retaliation from the involved individuals, and before, they find it very hard to seek help or cooperate with law enforcement.

In addition, in another article on this issue it is highlighted that different societal factors and discrimination create community-wide vulnerabilities. This is clearly indicated by evidence suggesting that marginalized communities in America, such as the African American community and LGBTQ+ communities, are more likely to be trafficked than the other community in the country. This is mainly because criminals involved in these heinous acts often exploit these vulnerabilities by targeting individuals who have unstable living situations, have previously experienced violence in a majority of marginalized communities, or are suffering from poverty or economic need.

Summary of Violent Crimes Against Women/Children

In our current modern world, the most common forms of violent crime against women is intimate Partner Violence. According to study done by the World Health Organization, it is evident that this form of violence is a major public health issue which violates human rights related to women around the world. It is estimated that currently, about 1 in every 3 women, which is approximately 30% of women worldwide, have been a victim of to either physical and sexual violence (World Health Organization: WHO, 2021). Another prominent form of violent crime against women and children in our current world is sexual violence. This violent crime includes any form of sexual act that us aimed at obtaining a sexual favors, or coerce any person regardless of their relationship to the victim into sexual activity of any kind (World Health Organization: WHO, 2021).

Lastly is the violent crime of killing women, also known as femicide/feminicide. This is criminal behavior the murder of women and girls. This is the most brutal form of violence against the female gender around the world today. They can take place in many different situations either in private and public places and within different contexts of perpetrator–victim relationships. With the emergence of dating sites and social media, unsuspecting children and women are being lured to their deaths by murderous pretending to be lovers on these sites.

Recommendations for Recognizing, Identifying, and Reporting Suspicious Human Trafficking Incidents

As members of the society, we should always be on the lookout as Community members have a role play in combating human trafficking by learning to recognize. Some of the ways we can combat human trafficking is by identifying and reporting suspicious incidents that may be related to human trafficking activities. The list below highlights the main signs that might indicate a potential trafficking situation.

If an individual lives with their employer and in a poor living conditions.

The person cannot speak freely or is always accompanied by another person.

The person shows signs of physical abuse or fear.

The person is unpaid or paid very little for their work.

If anyone believes to have identified a trafficking incidence, the right thing to do is alert law enforcement agencies immediately, so that they can take the necessary measures to help out the victim. If an individual escape a trafficking situation, there are various nonprofit organizations in the country that are known to provide help by proving shelter, medical care and legal assistance in case they need to press legal changes against their perpetrators. In America, for instance, you reach out to the National Human Trafficking Hotline, through 1-888-373-78885.

References

Improving the investigation and prosecution of state and local human trafficking cases | National Institute of Justice. (n.d.). National Institute of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/improving-investigation-and-prosecution-state-and-local-human-trafficking-cases

Recognizing the signs. (n.d.). National Human Trafficking Hotline. https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/human-trafficking/recognizing-signs

Violence against women and girls is one of the world’s most prevalent human rights violations, taking place every day, many times over, in every corner of the globe. It has serious short- and long-term physical, economic and psychological consequences on women and girls, preventing their full and equal participation in society. (2023, October 23). UN Women – Headquarters. https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/faqs/types-of-violence

World Health Organization: WHO. (2021, March 9). Violence against women. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Violent Crimes

Several federal and collaborative local law enforcement organizations and initiatives battle crimes
against women and children.

Assume you work for a nonprofit organization that assists abused women and children by providing
needed resources when necessary. You are aware of an ongoing community problem that involves
human trafficking of women and children. You contact a local law enforcement agency for
information about how to combat these crimes.
The law enforcement officer suggests that you conduct some research into the issues via an Internet
search engine. He also suggests you organize a community outreach program that can educate
local citizens on how to identify and report suspicious human trafficking incidents. The officer states
that he will attend your community gathering of concerned citizens to answer questions and assist in
community training.

Using paragraph headings for each of the following three bullet-points, create a 500-word
outline for the training session that includes the following:
 An introduction that discusses the problems you see hindering law enforcement investigations and
prosecution of women/child sex tourism in this country and foreign countries
 A summary of 3 of the most violent crimes against women/children you find through your research
 Recommendations for how the local community members can recognize, identify, and report
suspicious human trafficking incidents in your community

In all assignments in this course, use APA style in-text citations associated with your
References page to cite your information sources. The reader should be able to visit the
source you cited to find the information from your work.

Criminological theories

/0 Comments/in /by

Criminological theories

Throughout human history, different individuals and especially scholars, have come up with different definitions of theories. Some of the definitions are misleading, while others make sense of what a theory is. According to William and MacShane, theories explain how two or more events are related to each other. Through this, individuals can understand the relationship between different events and how they influence a certain outcome (Akers, 2012). For instance, an individual who grows up in a violent environment has a higher likelihood of developing aggressive behavior than an individual who grows up in a less violent environment.

Disciplinary theories do not focus on punishing individuals for crimes committed but seek to make individuals learn from their mistakes and reform. Alternatively, multidisciplinary theories focus on different factors that trigger individuals to commit crimes. For instance, they focus on cognitive and physical factors that make individuals commit a crime (Akers, 2012). The interdisciplinary approach encompasses professionals in the justice system combining data from other sources to understand why individuals commit crimes.

Criminology evolved in Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Individuals like Jeremy Bentham can take credit for the development of this field.  According to the classical school of thought, individuals commit crimes out of a free will, and people should be punished for their crimes, which can deter potential criminals from committing crimes (Akers, 2012). Other schools of thought like the Chicago school of thought emerged and posits that individuals tend to adopt criminal behavior from other hardcore criminals.

Different criminological theories explain why individuals commit a crime or do not commit crimes. According to scholars, certain factors trigger individuals into engaging in a life of crime, while other factors discourage individuals from committing a crime. According to the social learning theory, individuals learn through imitation. This means that individuals tend to adopt the behavior of those they look up to in society. This theory posits that individuals brought up in a violent environment have higher chances of becoming criminals than individuals brought up in a peaceful environment (Akers, 2012). When young children are exposed to violent video games, they are likely to believe that violence is the solution to disagreements and therefore end up adopting aggressive conduct. However, individuals can be prevented from becoming criminals by raising them in a peaceful environment.

The rational choice theory also explains the reasons why individuals engage in crime. According to this theory, before individuals commit crimes, they do a cost-benefit analysis. Individuals tend to maximize benefits at the expense of costs (Akers, 2012). For instance, an individual is likely to commit crimes where the monetary value of the crime committed supersedes the punishment accrued. The theory explains that individuals can be deterred from committing crimes if the punishment for the guilty increases and the benefits accrued reduced.

The social control theory does not focus on why individuals commit crimes and why individuals obey the land’s laws. The theory posits that the family plays an essential role in shaping an individual’s behavior during the early stages of development. For instance, children who have a positive relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in aggressive behavior than those who have a negative relationship with their parents (Akers, 2012).  This is because parents who relate with their children positively are likely to advise them on the dangers of engaging in crimes. Also, such children feel free to share contentious issues with their parents to get the required information regarding the issues at hand. In a nutshell, an individual’s background during the early stages of development can trigger or hinder them from engaging in criminality.

In conclusion, criminological theories explain why crime occurs. According to these theories, different factors like an individual’s background can trigger them to commit crimes.  However, positive relationships at the family level can hinder individuals from committing a crime.

References

Akers, R. L. (2012). criminological theories. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Description
1) Define what a theory is.  What are the fundamental differences between theories which are disciplinary vs. multidisciplinary vs. interdisciplinary?  Discuss the evolution of criminology as it has proceeded from the classical era of thought to modern-day criminology.

2)  Provide an explanation as to why people commit crime and deviance or don’t commit crime and deviance.  Be careful to construct a strong and compelling argument referencing the empirical and theoretical literature discussed in class, in your readings, and in your own personal research.

Criminological theories

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Homeland Security

/0 Comments/in /by

Homeland Security

Collection of intelligence within the United States is a critical process in an attempt to curb activities such as terrorism. This is by obtaining information about the operations of the different criminal groups and the activities of individual criminals, both inside and outside of the nation’s borders. It is critical to share the information with other security agencies as a proactive method of protecting the lives of the Americans.

According to section 203 of the PATRIOT Act, law enforcement personnel’s are allowed to share criminal related information with other security agencies that contains counterintelligence. Sharing of information is a progressive way of curbing crimes as different bodies are able to deal with different potential criminal activities (Duignan, 2001). Through this, cases of mistaken identities when it comes to commission of crimes are avoided thus excluding the innocent persons from paying for crimes they did not commit and especially in cases of terrorism.

Civil rights and individual liberties are respected by both the Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigations. The departments have a reputation of arraigning the war against terrorism at the same time safeguarding individual rights. For example no court in the recent past has found any kind of abuse of civil rights in the implementation of the PATRIOT Act.

Calls for the creation of a separate domestic intelligence agency is a weakness in intelligence collection and curbing terrorism. This discourages integration works in the fight against terrorism as intelligence officials and law enforcement officers must operate together in a coordinated manner and frantically share information regularly for the better good.

Civil rights and liberties of the American people will be at risk if a separate domestic intelligence body is created. The FBI have a good record of dealing with terrorist attacks at the same time protecting individual rights. Creation of another separate body therefore means individual rights will be prone to abuse which is a bad thing to the American people. Cases on violence or threats against individuals will be hard to convict as the new body will take some time to adopt to the current conditions and maintain efficiency in its operations.

After the 9/11 there was dire need to organize the intelligence community for effective joint intelligence work. Employing shared values and practices in reporting intelligence and training of experts and sharing of intelligence information needed to be effected to deal with the threat of terrorism which led to the use of the military in dealing with terrorism ( Jenkins, Liepman, & Willis, 2014). Use of military intervention has proven to be very successful in the fight against terrorism since the 9/11. The goal of military intervention has been to kill terrorists, disrupt their organizations and eradicate their capabilities to carry out terror activities.

Killing of terrorists and especially their leaders have proven to be very successful. For instance the assassination of the Al-Qaida leader Osama Bin Laden disoriented their operations as a result of lack of leadership ( Rollins, 2011). This allowed the US troops to further advance their attacks on the terror group leading to death of a significant number of them. Although this did not yield a permanent solution to the terror activities it acted as a proactive way that prevented terrorist attacks on other parts of the country considerably.

Military intervention has been a critical tool to support weak governments thus preventing terror groups from invading a territory making it their operational base. Airstrikes have been conducted in the recent past against terror groups such as the ISIS in countries such as Libya by the US in support of the Libyan government in an attempt to bring a state of order which has proven to be quite successful.

In conclusion, by any degree, the war on terrorism has been far attained but much more must be done to fully eradicate this social evil which is a threat to the existence of human race.

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Homeland Security

Paper details
discussion one
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of U.S. policy and laws on intelligence gathering
of U.S. citizens.
Does it matter how the information is collected?
Does it make a difference whether the person/persons/organization is suspected of
terrorist activity?
Discussion Two
What piece of law, executive order, presidential directive, or policy has had the greatest
impact on post-9/11 world? Support your answer.
Preferred language style US English

Cybercrime Prevention Guide

/0 Comments/in /by

Cybercrime Prevention Guide

Phishing Attacks

In our current modern world, there exists a wide range of cyber-attacks that can be used to infiltrate an organization. However, the most commonly utilized attack method is Phishing. According to a research study conducted by Statista (2023), it is estimated that approximately 27% of organizations around the world experience four to six successful phishing attacks every year. It is also estimated that there has been a 345% increase in unique phishing sites in the last few years. Phishing is a type of cybercrime where the attackers pretend to be a legitimate entity to trick employees in an organization into revealing sensitive information. The sensitive information may include passwords or credit card numbers that may have a negative impact on the running of an organization when they fall into the hands of the wrong person (Statista, 2023).

On this, it’s also important to point out that Phishing attacks come in various forms. And each attack comes with its unique characteristics and targets. Here are a few types of phishing cyber-attacks: Spear Phishing. This is a phishing attack targeting a specific group of individuals—employees, and organizations operating in a particular line of business. Therefore, instead of casting a wide net, cyber attackers focus their attention on a few high-value targets through the use of a uniquely configured email or website link. Whaling, on the other hand, is an advanced form of spear-phishing attack that specifically targets senior executives within an organization (Rashid, 2020).

The third form of Phishing is the clone phishing. Research studies have shown that this type of Phishing involves attackers cloning a legitimate message from a trusted entity but, in the process, replacing the link or attachment with a malicious one that is aimed towards obtaining a target set of data from an individual or institution. The last form of Phishing is vishing. Phishing is very common with telecommunication companies and involves using voice, where attackers use phone calls to trick victims into giving out sensitive information. This type of Phishing has been very common in the last few years, where callers from overseas countries such as India have been tricking unsuspecting Americans disguised as customer service agents from some of the leading American organizations such as Amazon and Microsoft (Rashid, 2020).

In many instances, the stolen data can be used for malicious purposes, such as unauthorized access to an organization’s systems or to commit various forms of fraud. As highlighted by Lavorgna (2020), recorded cases of Phishing attacks often begin with an unexpected email or message that, in a way, creates a sense of urgency or fear, thus convincing the recipient to click on a link op, an attachment, or fill in the requested information. In most cases, phishing emails or messages contain links to websites that look similar to legitimate sites which are meant to convince the target that they are on a legitimate site but are actually controlled by the attackers. In advanced phishing, attackers may send attachments that contain malware such as the Ransomware that can infect the recipient’s device. This malware in many instance are used in the collection of private data that should only be accessible to an organization and the assigned employee (Lavorgna, 2020), and time used to control the systems of that nation to the advantage of the attacker.

Signs of Phishing Attacks

In cybersecurity, the first step in preventing any cyber threat is recognizing its signs. Research studies have revealed that in most cases, phishing attacks launched at a specific target have distinct signs that can alert an individual or an organization to their occurrence. For instance, one of the primary indicators of a phishing attack is when one or an organization starts to receive unexpected emails or messages that create a sense of urgency or fear. As stated earlier, these messages have the ability to convince the recipient to click on a link or open the sent attachment, thus stealing sensitive data. Another sign of Phishing is the presence of suspicious links or attachments that have been sent to an organization or an individual through email or message. In many instances, the links often lead to websites that closely resemble legitimate sites but are, in fact, controlled by attackers with the aim of retrieving private data that can be used to sabotage the running of an organization. The attachments may contain malware such as ransom malware that is designed to infect the recipient’s device and, in the process, grant the attacker access to the network systems of an organization.

Another important sign is that phishing emails often request the target individuals or firms to either confirm or update sensitive information in their systems. This includes sensitive information such as such as private passwords or an organization’s financial details. In carrying out the updates, the attackers gain access to the confidential data which can be used at their own will for their own benefit. Moreover, spelling or grammatical errors in very import emails or websites and unreasonable threats are some of the major signs of phishing attack. In a study on cybersecurity by Alkhalil et al. (2021), it is clearly highlighted that victims of Phishing generally found it difficult to detect emerging modern phishing tactics that have been in use in the last few years. However, they were alert to the spelling mistakes of older phishing email attacks, sensitive information being requested from them, and any slight change to what they were normally used to from an email. Therefore, recognizing these signs of Phishing and preventing cyberattacks will be easier for an organization or an individual (Alkhalil et al., 2021).

Protecting Against Phishing Attacks

As stated earlier, phishing attacks pose a huge problem to individuals and organizations whose confidential data ends up in the hands of an authorized individuals. Some of the most known problems associated with Phishing attacks specifically towards and individual or an organization are as follows. In many instances that have been recorded around the world Phishing attacks have resulted to monetary losses. This is becouse, when employees fall victim to Phishing, they unknowingly give out secretive information that have been used out to transfer funds to fraudulent accounts. A good example of this is the financial loss that took place at an office in Hongkong that lost HK$200 million following a phishing attempt, when an employee in the finance department of the company’s Hong Kong branch received what seemed to be a phishing message, purportedly from the company’s UK-based chief financial officer, instructing them to execute a secret transaction (Edwards, 2024).

On this, it is also important to add that a successful phishing attack has the ability to tarnish the good reputation of an organization. These may come from the loss of sensitive data, which compromises or erodes customers’ trust. A good example of this, is the incidence that took place at RSA Security which is a cybersecurity company. The breach led to questions about the company’s ability to protect its own network, let alone its customers’ network. Lastly, successful Phishing incidents may result in legal repercussions. As a result of phishing, an organization could face lawsuits, regulatory fines, or penalties if they fail to adequately protect against phishing attacks. A good example of this is the hefty fines companies like Facebook have had to pay because of data bleaching from phishing attacks (Roller, 2023).

However, a study conducted by Suzuki and Monroy (2021) reveals that various strategies can be employed to protect individuals and organizations against this type of cybercrime. To begin with, there is the strategy of education and training on phishing. Cyber security experts believe that the first line of defense against phishing attacks is educating those that are at a higher risk of Phishing. Regular training can help individuals and organizations recognize the signs of phishing attacks, and as a result are able to protect them from Phishing cyber-attack. This will help in the understanding of the importance of not clicking on suspicious links or revealing sensitive information to online strategies. The next strategy is the use of the emerging Security Software. These include the use of modern antivirus and anti-phishing software that is aimed at identifying and preventing phishing threats.  A good example of this software’s includes: Guardz, Trustifit, and Abnormal Securirty. This software also acts as effective spam filters, which have the ability to screen out different phishing techniques. Machine learning approaches are also utilized. A good example of machine learning techniques includes; Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning and Reinforcement Learning. Research shows that this approach has been found to have the highest accuracy in preventing and detecting phishing attacks. Regular system Updates are another important strategy. This is because it Keeps the operating systems and browsers of an organization up to date, which can help in the protection against known places of weakness in the old systems that attackers might exploit (Alkhalil et al., 2021). This entails keeping up to date with current emerging trends, as they might use current events or popular trends to make their phishing emails seem more legitimate. Staying informed about these tactics can help in identifying phishing attempts (Alkhalil et al., 2021).

References

Alkhalil, Z., Hewage, C., Nawaf, L., & Khan, I. (2021). Phishing Attacks: a recent comprehensive study and a new anatomy. Frontiers in Computer Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2021.563060

Lavorgna, A. (2020). Organized crime and cybercrime. In Springer eBooks (pp. 117–134). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_14

Rashid, F. (2020, November 24). 8 types of phishing attacks and how to identify them. CSO Online. https://www.csoonline.com/article/563353/8-types-of-phishing-attacks-and-how-to-identify-them.html

Roller, J. (2023, May 13). 6 Common phishing attacks and their impact on organizations. IEEE Computer Society. https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/trends/6-common-phishing-attacks/

Statista. (2023, March 31). Phishing attack rate among businesses worldwide 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1149241/share-organizations-worldwide-phishing-attack/

Suzuki, Y., & Monroy, S. a. S. (2021). Prevention and mitigation measures against phishing emails: a sequential schema model. Security Journal, 35(4), 1162–1182. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-021-00318-x

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Cybercrime Prevention Guide

You are a detective on the city’s Cybercrime Task Force. The chief has tasked you with creating a
Cybercrime Prevention Guide that can be placed on the city’s social media site that will educate the
citizens on the many types of cyberthreats and cybercrimes that the Cybercrime Task Force is
battling on a daily basis.

Using paragraph headings for each of the following four bullet-points, Write a 1,400-
word Cybercrime Prevention Guide. Complete the following in your guide:
 Address one cybercrime that may compromise an organization.
 Discuss the signs or incidents that might alert someone that this type of crime is taking place.
 Provide a thorough analysis of how a person or organization can protect itself from this type of
crime.
 Discuss preventative measures, including security precautions, that could be put into place.

In all assignments in this course, use APA style in-text citations associated with your
References page to cite your information sources. The reader should be able to visit the
source you cited to find the information from your work.

Criminal Law

/0 Comments/in /by

Criminal Law

The use of deadly force should only be confined to only those situations where life is threatened. Besides, the use of the deadly force should only be applied if the individual in question posed a danger to which the power used against him was a proportionate response to prevent the unjustified killing of individuals (Johnson & Blair, 2006). I think stand to ground laws are substantial in eliminating any misunderstanding about when persons can protect themselves and eradicate trials of individuals who legally used self-defense even though they had not tried to retreat from the threat. I also support mandatory retreat rules as no individual should lose life without facing the full force of the law. Besides, I feel that the conditions set forth to guide castle exception inspire considerable debate on the terms legally set for self-defense with a firearm.

D.B. Cooper, Hijacking and Theft

I think Cooper did not live to see the light of the day after jumping off the plain. There is a likelihood he succumbed to injuries after dropping off the plain. If at all he survived, there would be a trace of him from those who saw him land on the parachute due to the nature of his case, which was highly publicized by the international media. If I found Cooper, I would charge him with air robbery and extortion. Cooper caused panic among the passengers who gave in to his advances.

Rioting in ancient and modern law

I would charge Demetrius with incitement. Demetrius mobilized artisans against Paul, which is a severe crime. Such a provocation, if actualized, would have led to death and, therefore, can be charged as a felony. Demetrius would, therefore, face a jail sentence for his actions. I would also charge Paul with religious criticism, which is a less severe crime, although it aroused dangerous negative emotions among the people and interfered with people’s businesses (Eisenstein, 1977). The religious objection would, therefore, be charged as an infraction. For instance, I would give Paul a fine as a punishment for his actions that violated religious freedom.

References

Eisenstein, J., & Jacob, H. (1977). Felony justice: An organizational analysis of criminal courts (pp. 27-28). Boston: Little, Brown.

Johnson, R. H., & Blair, J. A. (2006). Logical self-defense. Idea.

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Criminal Law

1 Self-Defense & Unlawful Intrusion
https://buffalostate.open.suny.edu/webapps/assignment/uploadAssignment?content_id=_1646881_1&
course_id=_69126_1&group_id=&mode=view
Traditionally, using deadly force requires an imminent threat to life. In cases where the threat dissipates
or where it does not exist, using deadly force is usually circumscribed or prohibited. Given your
understanding of being able to use force and even deadly force to defend yourself or other individuals,
consume the information and embedded links below and answer the following:
Self-Defense
Imperfect-Self-Defense
Should the use of deadly force be confined to only those situations where life is threatened, or should it
also be allowed if the threat is dissipated? For example, an intruder turns and flees a scene after being
confronted, should deadly force be allowed if the intruder has turned his/her back to flee?
How do you feel about "stand your ground laws" (laws the do not require retreating if a deadly threat is
experienced so that deadly force can be used)? Do you support mandatory "retreat rules?" How do you
feel about the "castle exception" to the retreat rule that allows deadly force to be used once inside a
dwelling?
2 D. B. Cooper, Hijacking, & Theft
According to the story below, Cooper has never been found. However, after reading the stories below and
their embedded links, please address the following questions:
What do you think happened to "Cooper" and why? Assume that you have found Cooper, what would you
charge him with, if anything, and why?
Cooper Hijacking
In search of D. B. cooper

3 Rioting in Ancient and Modern Law
There is a famous story in the New Testament of the Bible detailing an event involving a man named
Paul. The event is described in the book of Acts, chapter 19, verses 23-41. Please read the text of that
story, recounted below and also the embedded link on the current statutory laws governing rioting:
The Riot in Ephesus
About that time there arose a great disturbance about the Way. A silversmith named Demetrius, who
made silver shrines of Artemis, brought in a lot of business for the craftsmen there. He called them
together, along with the workers in related trades, and said: “You know, my friends, that we receive a
good income from this business. And you see and hear how this fellow Paul has convinced and led astray
large numbers of people here in Ephesus and in practically the whole province of Asia. He says that gods
made by human hands are no gods at all. There is danger not only that our trade will lose its good name,
but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis will be discredited; and the goddess herself, who
is worshiped throughout the province of Asia and the world, will be robbed of her divine

majesty.” When they heard this, they were furious and began shouting: “Great is Artemis of the
Ephesians!”
Soon the whole city was in an uproar. The people seized Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul’s traveling
companions from Macedonia, and all of them rushed into the theater together. Paul wanted to appear
before the crowd, but the disciples would not let him. Even some of the officials of the province, friends
of Paul, sent him a message begging him not to venture into the theater. The assembly was in confusion:
Some were shouting one thing, some another. Most of the people did not even know why they were
there. The Jews in the crowd pushed Alexander to the front, and they shouted instructions to him. He
motioned for silence in order to make a defense before the people. But when they realized he was a
Jew, they all shouted in unison for about two hours: “Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!”
The city clerk quieted the crowd and said: “Fellow Ephesians, doesn’t all the world know that the city of
Ephesus is the guardian of the temple of the great Artemis and of her image, which fell from
heaven?Therefore, since these facts are undeniable, you ought to calm down and not do anything
rash. You have brought these men here, though they have neither robbed temples nor blasphemed our
goddess. If, then, Demetrius and his fellow craftsmen have a grievance against anybody, the courts are
open and there are proconsuls. They can press charges. If there is anything further you want to bring up,
it must be settled in a legal assembly. As it is, we are in danger of being charged with rioting because of
what happened today. In that case we would not be able to account for this commotion, since there is
no reason for it.” After he had said this, he dismissed the assembly.
Riot in Brief
Federal Riot
You are a member of the authorities and have come across this case. You observe everything that
occurred in the passage and must now render a decision, after reading the statutory material provided.
What would be your charges, if any, for each of the players mentioned in the passage? If you file charges
what would be the "level" (class of felony, misdemeanor, infraction) be? If you file, what is your
punishment? What would your result be if you do not file (a warning or just release those involved)?

Controversial Special Interest Group: Anti-Immigration Groups

/0 Comments/in /by

Controversial Special Interest Group: Anti-Immigration Groups

Immigration has existed for a long time, and with it, anti-immigration sentiments have also persisted throughout history. A strong example of early anti-immigrant sentiment within the United States was the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which showed sharp hostility toward immigrants (The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the United States | Pardee Atlas Journal of Global Affairs, n.d.). The term “immigration” designates the process by which individuals enter and remain in another country; there are two primary categories of immigration: legal and illegal (Immigration, n.d.). Legal immigration is considered to happen when all forms of legal formalities by people to enter and stay in another country are fulfilled and acquiring a person’s citizenship for that country. On the contrary, illegal immigration is defined by entering a country without adhering to these legal conditions, including evading immigration law or getting across the border in hurried fashions and typically for the person to remain permanently in the United States.

Summary of Controversies
Immigration, abortion, climate change, and crimes are some of the current contentious issues dividing the United States. Most of the current contentious issues are distinguished by their ability to evoke hard feelings blocking consensus especially in communities based on polarized political issues between democratic and conservative ideas. People in such situations become eager to join camps of people who most probably share their sentiments. As the marketing manager in charge of public relations of a graphic design company, I find myself in a dilemma on whether to reject or accept an offer to design promotional materials in support of a rally against immigration in the community.

 Safety Risks and Potential Legal Consequences

The firm is based in a region where the majority of public opinion is against anti-immigrant sentiments, and there have been violent counter-demonstrations in reaction to rallies in the past. With that in mind, accepting a contract to produce imagery, logos, and promotional materials for an anti-immigration rally can be extremely dangerous to the security of the business. The business runs a very real risk of violent retaliation, such as vandalism or other forms of physical attacks, from groups opposed to the rally. The company may become a target of an attack simply for perceived sympathies with unpopular positions, other than that held by the community.

Legally, the firm may have the right to take on business from anyone; however in a situation where the project may be considered in direct conflict or violation of the perceived rights of others that also stem from hot topic issues such as immigration, it is highly recommended that one avoid becoming involved. While illegal immigration is illegal, agreeing to this type of work may be considered condoning discriminatory or exclusionary practices and can further result in other business abuses.

Decision Making and Its Consequences Regarding Current and Future Clients

If the company decides to accept the contract to produce materials for anti-immigration rally, it risks offending its present and potential clients. The community, that generally stands for immigration can also decide to withdraw their patronage from the firm. The financial losses can amount to millions and are likely to tarnish the reputation of the firm. It is likely that the business will lose its status in that community and may even be compelled to fold up due to lack of patronage. Not filling the order will keep the firm within the interest of the community through continued patronage by the clients besides maintaining good relations. With such potential consequences, the company should have to decline the offer so that the company may not see negative results from involvement with this controversial special interest group.

Public Image and Security Measures

The refusal to create promotional items would most probably serve to improve the public image for not associating with the anti-immigration rally. It, in turn, helps the business avoid all backlash that might come from counter-protests while still remaining in good books within its community. It communicates to people that the business is on the same page regarding the issue of immigration and inclusivity; hence, improves their standing while avoiding reputational damage.

Impact of the Decision on the Local Community

It is definite that refusing to take part in the anti-immigration rally by failing to produce promotional materials will have a positive impact on the local community. Since most of the citizens in that place are pro-immigration, the refusal by the firm to help in the rally will be in line with their values and ideologies. This move epitomizes the commitment of this company to the community’s all-inclusive diversity and instills mutual trust and respect between the business and the community. Because it does not align itself with an organization that would further sectarian or exclusionary messages, the firm aids in maintaining social cohesion within the community. The community is less likely to feel that the business is supporting a cause that runs in a direction opposite their unified opinions on immigration, and may prevent further polarization or unrest within the community. Secondly, it convinces the residents that the firm is sensitive to the social climate and is willing to put the well-being of the community over and above financial gain. Because of this, refusing the order would not only build stronger community bonds but also solidify the business’s position as one that is responsible and conscious of the needs of the community it serves.

Role of Law Enforcement and Private Security in Managing Potential Protests

This is where the private security agencies and local law enforcement would need to coordinate in dealing with any potential security risk that may arise from protests or counter protests. With private security, it would set up shop in and around the business to prevent protesters and secure the business. Local law enforcement would be directly concerned with crowd control measures to make sure protests did not get out of hand and no violent acts occurred. Both would have to coordinate with one another in order to secure not only the business but the community as a whole during such protests.

Conclusion

After all, the company will have nothing to fear from the counter protest and any negative community response since the firm chose not to extend support to the anti-immigration group with its promotional materials. This decision is reflective of the stand of the firm, which is never against the values of the community that accepts immigration and that are against anti-immigration movements. That means the refusal to take part in this infamous rally testifies to a commitment of this firm to maintain its public image and stay in step with its clientele. Therefore, this firm is unlikely to face any fallout, and will be able to continue operating successfully within its community. In that case, local law enforcement and private security will now become significant for the future protests in ensuring the protection of all individuals involved while making it safe both for the business and the larger community as a whole.

References

The Anti-Immigrant Movement in the United States | The Pardee Atlas Journal of Global Affairs. (n.d.). Sites.bu.edu. Retrieved from https://sites.bu.edu/pardeeatlas/advancing-human-progress-initiative/back2school/the-anti-immigrant-movement-in-the-united-states/

Immigration. (n.d.). Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/immigration

CLICK HERE TO ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER

Controversial Special Interest Group: Anti-Immigration Groups

Marketing managers oversee organizations’ public relations to minimize any negative publicity.

Imagine that you are the marketing manager of a large graphic design firm. You have been asked, by a highly controversial leader of an anti-immigration group, to design images and logos for posters and promotional items. These items will be used in an anti-immigration rally at the state capital. Most of the public in your area strongly disagrees with this special interest group, and in the past, there have been violent counterprotests.

You must prepare a report to the company owner on what actions you believe your firm should take. In the report, summarize the positions of the opposing special interest groups. The report should also take into consideration the security risks associated with accepting the order and public image considerations about accepting/declining the order.

Write a 700- to 1050-word report.

 

Include the following in your report:

  • Summarize the positions of the opposing special interest groups (e.g., what their goals/beliefs are considering current law and social trends).
  • Identify the security risks to the firm.
  • What legal ramifications are there, if any?
  • Do you accept the order? Why or why not?
  • How will your decision affect current or future clients?
  • How will your decision affect your public image?
  • How will your decision affect the citizens in your local community?
  • How will your local law enforcement and/or private security agencies effectively handle a potential protest?
  • Summarize by analyzing how your actions will affect citizens in your local community, law enforcement officials, and your organization.

Cite at least 2 outside references to support your assignment.

Frmat your assignment according to APA guidelines.

 

Review APA Sample Paper for proper format. All papers must have a title page, a reference page, and the entire paper must be double-spaced. The paper must also have properly formatted in text citations.