Consequences of Health Care Reform

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Consequences of Health Care Reform

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Consequences of Health Care Reform

Unintended Consequences of Health Care Reform

The PPACA of 2010 fostered new provisions for health care and the structure of health care delivery. The individual mandate to obtain insurance is one provocative provision. While this provision attempts to increase access to health care, it raises questions on how the existing system could sustain the potentially large influx of newly insured individuals.

Another provision calls for new models of health care provider organizations to ensure delivery efficiency and continuity of care. In this week’s media presentation, Dr. Kathleen White discusses the accountable care organization, which comprises a group of providers coordinating care across a variety of institutional settings. Yet becoming an accountable care organization may present a number of challenges.

This week’s Discussion builds on Week 1, continuing the examination of those societal and organizational contexts that influence health care reform. The unintended consequences of reform policy on the health care system are also considered.

To prepare:

Review      this week’s media presentation and the other Learning Resources focusing      on how reform may lead to improved quality, greater access, and reduced      cost of care. Also think about the unintended consequences that may arise      as a result.
Consider      the information presented about the individual mandate and accountable      care organizations. What are some questions or concerns you might have      regarding the individual mandate? What are the pros and cons associated      with becoming an accountable care organization?
With      posting instructions in mind, select either the individual mandate or      accountable care organizations as the focus of your Discussion this week.
By tomorrow Wednesday 03/07/18 BY 12pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with a minimum of THREE scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headers as numbered below:

Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

1) In the first line of your posting, identify the topic you have selected—either the individual mandate or accountable care organizations. With regard to this topic, describe one or more positive results that could be achieved, and one or more unintended consequence(s) that organizations or individuals may experience.

2) Briefly evaluate issues on the topic that may be a consideration for the organization you work in and the nursing profession ( I WORK I A HOSPITAL SETTING).

Required Readings

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2016). Understanding health policy: A clinical approach (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.

Chapter 5, “How Health Care is Organized – I: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Care”

Chapter 6, “How Health Care is Organized – II: Health Delivery Systems”

McClellan, M. (2010). Accountable care organizations in the era of health care reform. American Health & Drug Benefits, 3(4), 242–244.

The PPACA of 2010 encourages the formation of accountable care organizations (ACOs) to improve the quality and efficiency of health care delivery. An ACO is a group of health care providers who coordinate care for their Medicare patients and share the financial incentives of health care improvement gains.

Moore, K. D., & Coddington, D. C. (2010). Accountable care: The journey begins. Health Care Financial Management, 64(8), 57–63.

This article provides information on the importance of health care provider organizations taking steps to become accountable care organizations (ACOs) and provides examples of systems that have historically functioned in this capacity. The authors also provide steps for developing and transitioning to an ACO structure.

Institute of Medicine. (2010). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx

This report discusses how nurses can and should play a fundamental role in meeting the challenges of increased demand for health care brought about by the implementation of the 2010 Affordable Care Act. In addition, it stresses the need for nurses to be partners with other health professionals and assume leadership roles in redesigning health care in the United States.

Institute of Medicine. (2010). Report brief: The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing/Future%20of%20Nursing%202010%20Recommendations.pdf

This report brief highlights the four key recommendations from the Robert Wood Johnson and Institute of Medicine the Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health report. The recommendations focus on nursing practice, education and training, partnerships with other healthcare professionals, and workforce planning and policymaking.

HealthCare.gov. (n.d.). Understanding the Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/rights/index.html

This website introduces the Affordable Care Act and presents the timeline for implementation of the various provisions of the Act.

HealthCare.gov. (n.d.). Understanding the Affordable Care Act: About the law. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/rights/law/index.html

Read the full Affordable Care Act law at this website. An overview of the law is also provided along with an outline of how the Affordable Care Act helps reduce health insurance costs.

Required Media

Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2011). Healthcare policy and advocacy: Reforming health care delivery: Accountable care organizations. Baltimore: Author.

Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 7 minutes.

In this media presentation, Dr. Kathleen White explains the structure of accountable care organizations (ACO) and discusses the benefits and challenges of becoming an ACO.

Optional Resources

APRN Joint Dialogue Group Report. (2008). Consensus model for APRN regulation: Licensure, accreditation, certification & education. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/education-resources/APRNReport.pdf

Fisher, E. S., & Shortell, S. M. (2010). Accountable care organizations: Accountable for what, to whom, and how. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(15), 1715–1716.

Fisher, E. S., Staiger, D. O., Bynum, J. W., & Gottlieb, D. J. (2007). Creating accountable care organizations: The extended hospital medical staff. JHealth Affairs, 26, w44-w57. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.w44–57

McClellan, M., McKethan, A. N., Lewis, J. L., Roski, J., & Fisher, E. S. (2010). A national strategy to put accountable care into practice. Health Affairs, 29(5), 982–990.

Kaiser Health News. (2011). Accountable care organization proposed regulations: Resources. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Stories/2011/March/31/ACO-Documents-In-The-News.aspx

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

  • Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
  • Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
  • One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
  • I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

  • Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
  • In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
  • Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
  • Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

  • Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
  • Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
  • I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

  • I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
  • As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
  • It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

 

LopesWrite Policy

  • For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
  • Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
  • Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
  • Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

  • The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
  • Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
  • If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
  • I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
  • As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

  • Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: 
    • Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
    • Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.

NU 664C: Role and Scope of Practice

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NU 664C: Role and Scope of Practice

Ethical, Legal, and Professional Standards Shaping PMHNP Practice in Texas

Introduction

In preparing to become a PMHNP in the state of Texas, several ethical, legal, and professional considerations must be known. Based on the identified standards, this paper will discuss how the regulatory framework hinders the capacity of PMHNPs in Texas to deliver patient population care through the prescription of medicines, ordering of tests, and necessary treatment. It will also be helpful to include the analysis of the regulations in Texas in comparison to other states or to focus on how these differences can affect practice and development.

Ethical Standards for PMHNPs in Texas

Ethics can be described as the backbone of any healthcare practice, most especially for PMHNPs in Texas. The primary source of ethics being used here is the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses; the principles of ethics include the principle of respect for persons, the principle of autonomy, the principle of beneficence, the principle of non-maleficence, the principle of justice, and the principle of fidelity (Gonzalez & Gigli, 2021). These ethical standards are in accordance with the Texas Board of Nursing (BON) since it has high expectations of ethical practice among PMHNPs.

Another consideration under the ethic relates to informed consent, especially when prescribing psychotropic drugs. PMHNPs in Texas have to make sure that the patient has comprehended the plan of treatment that was discussed, its potential outcomes, and other options (Kaltenrieder et al., 2023). However, this process becomes even more complicated and time-consuming, especially if the patient under consideration has a mental disorder that may influence their capacity to make appropriate choices.

Due to Texas’s multicultural nature, cultural sensitivity is probably one of the most significant ethical factors for PMHNPs. Cultural competence is necessary to deliver treatment to a diverse patient population. As such, it is important to appreciate cultural practices and how they inform mental health issues and care. This aspect of cultural sensitivity also applies to language since most PMHNPs in Texas practice in environments where they need to translate languages to communicate with patients.

Another important ethical issue is conflict of interest and conformity to minimum professional standards regarding boundaries and dual relationships with patients. Such relationships are problematic in open practice (Boehning & Haddad, 2023). Still, especially in small communities or domains of PMHNPs’ practice, they may have to examine ethical issues concerning boundary concerns.

Legal Framework Governing PMHNP Practice in Texas

Regarding the legal issues concerning PMHNPs in Texas, the prime laws that apply are the Texas Nursing Practice Act and the rules and regulations of the Texas Board of Nursing. These legal guidelines provide information on the practicing limits of PMHNPs, the license needed for them to practice, and their roles and responsibilities.

In the current working context of Texas, the PMHNPs need to be equipped with prescriptive authority for the working process to be effective. As for the prescriptions of drugs and controlled substances, in particular, PMHNPs are required to affiliate with a collaborating physician. This also features the scope of drugs that may be prescribed and limits on prescriptive authority (Van Dusseldorp et al., 2023). Of course, this collaboration may help the PMHNP to receive suggestions and recommendations. Still, it also has certain drawbacks and inhibits the PMHNP’s ability to reach the patient for some reason at times.

Regarding diagnostic capabilities, PMHNPs with a license in the state of Texas are allowed to order and interpret different diagnostic instruments and measures that fall within their scope of practice. Such ability is relevant in evaluating the patient and figuring out how to approach the patient’s treatment. However, some of the more specific imaging tests may require authorization from a doctor or a prescription, and this may lead to longer turnarounds or added steps in the process.

At the moment, PMHNPs in Texas exercise clinical autonomy concerning various therapies, including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. This broad treatment authority improves the providers’ ability to provide overall care to patients. However, certain procedures or processes might require additional certification or even the involvement of a physician, and this will somewhat restrict the degree of independence with which PMHNP can deliver some of the most extensive or ground-breaking care approaches in the field of medicine (Squires & Dorsen, 2018).

Professional Standards and Best Practices

In addition to ethical and legal expectations, PMHNPs in Texas must adhere to professional standards and practice guidelines established by professional organizations, including the American Psychiatric Nurses Association and the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (Boehning & Haddad, 2023). These standards include research-based practice, collaboration with other professionals and patient-centered care.

As a result of promoting evidence-based practice, PMHNPs must be aware of recent research and clinical practice recommendations and apply this knowledge in practice. Such a focus on scientific evidence sometimes leads to conflict situations when patients’ expectations or cultural values differ from the program and research, making PMHNPs consider how to act in such cases as the holder of knowledge but, at the same time, being a witness of patients’ suffering (Van Dusseldorp et al., 2023).

Collaboration between professions is crucial in the Texas healthcare setting, as PMHNPs often practice in large teams. Coordination with psychiatrists, primary care physicians, social workers, and other mental health professionals is necessary for comprehensive care. Although there is a structure to how collaboration occurs amongst the members, managing these interprofessional working relationships without compromising their professional independence can sometimes be difficult.

Individualized care is one of the PMHNPs’ core values, guiding the implementation of patient-specific treatments and interventions. In Texas, the multicultural population requires special considerations based on cultural, economic, and even language differences for the patient (Van Dusseldorp et al., 2023). PMHNPs have to be able to work with patients as individuals while at the same time working within the guidelines of practice, best practices, and statutes.

Impact on Autonomy and Comprehensive Care

The general regulatory scenario of the state of Texas can be characterized as moderately favorable for the prospective PMHNPs. The expanded practice authority enables PMHNPs to perform mental health evaluations and identify and manage conditions (Squires & Dorsen, 2018). Since PMHNPs are allowed to prescribe medications, this gives them the ability to treat most psychiatric disorders sufficiently. Receiving recognition as APRNs gives PMHNPs a noble status in the health systems.

However, challenges exist. Restrictions on full practice autonomy may arise from needing a prescriptive authority agreement with a physician. If a patient’s physician needs to approve a particular screen or treatment, there may be lags in the patient receiving the test or treatment (Gonzalez & Gigli, 2021). Also, higher administrative costs are associated with managing multi-party cooperative agreements and adherence to certain paperwork provisions.

Comparison with Other States and Influence on Practice Decisions

Texas has moderate regulations of PMHNPs compared with other states. Some states, such as California, have less practice autonomy, while others, like New Mexico, allow PMHNPs to practice full-time without the supervision of a physician.

Such a regulatory environment may impact practice choices and professional growth in several ways. PMHNPs may opt to work in areas that have well-developed collaborations to practice to the fullest. There may be more focus on developing close partnerships with physicians and other healthcare personnel. Several PMHNPs in Texas may feel the need to undertake professional advocacy toward full practice authority (Boehning & Haddad, 2023). Regarding continuing education, PMHNPs may consider courses that would expand the scope of the PMHNP role within the current scope of practice.

Conclusion

The standards of professionalism, legal responsibility, and ethical code that govern the practice of PMHNP in Texas present a rather intricate but manageable practice framework. Though not to the level of full autonomy, PMHNPs in Texas have a relatively broad scope of practice, which enables them to play an active role in meeting the mental health needs of the population. To ensure that PMHNPs remain effective in the future healthcare environment, they will have to continually update themselves with the changes in existing legislation, continue lobbying for their profession, and ensure that the services they offer are of high quality and are being offered within the highest level of ethical standards possible. By recognizing and navigating within this framework, PMHNPs can optimize their capacity to address the mental health needs of the diverse Texan population.

References

Boehning, A. P., & Haddad, L. M. (2023). Nursing practice act. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Gonzalez, J., & Gigli, K. (2021). Navigating population foci and implications for nurse practitioner scope of practice. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 17(7), 846–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.04.008

Kaltenrieder, C. M., White, M. M., & Cheek, D. J. (2023). Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner student knowledge and perceptions of pharmacogenetic testing. Frontiers in Genetics, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2023.1281075

Squires, A., & Dorsen, C. (2018). Qualitative research in nursing and health professions regulation. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(3), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2155-8256(18)30150-9

Van Dusseldorp, L., Groot, M., Van Vught, A., Goossens, P., Hulshof, H., & Peters, J. (2023). How patients with severe mental illness experience care provided by psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 35(5), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1097/jxx.0000000000000867

NU 664C: Role and Scope of Practice

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NU 665 WEEK 13: Crisis Case Study

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NU 665 WEEK 13: Crisis Case Study

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Crisis Management Case Study

  1. What important information is missing from the case study?

The case study lacks several critical pieces of information necessary for a comprehensive evaluation. The case fails to provide necessary psychiatric details, which include both past medical diagnoses and evaluations of drug treatment and medication adherence. The healthcare document does not include vital information on Marly’s childbirth delivery records or her potential postpartum medical issues, which could involve preeclampsia as well as infections. The clinical staff should get an extensive picture of Marly’s drug history, particularly concerning her cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, and marijuana use, which influences her current state. A physician must evaluate brain functions to detect delirium and other medical conditions responsible for Marly’s erratic behavior and confusion. The case study also lacks essential details regarding how the patient interacts with protective services agencies and information about the interventions put in place to address potential abuse from her boyfriend.

  1. Discuss normal developmental achievements and potential vulnerabilities.

Typical developmental objectives for people of 30 years old include maintaining consistent employment status, establishing independent living arrangements, forming important relationships, and emotional stability regulation. The vulnerabilities Marly demonstrates appear to limit her ability to achieve these developmental benchmarks. The combination of psychiatric hospital admissions, substance use, and suspected domestic violence reveals unstable emotional and social development for Marly. Studies indicate that women with psychiatric backgrounds face heightened vulnerability to severe mood disorders, leading to postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis during the postnatal period (Garapati et al., 2023). Motherhood after giving birth places women at higher risk of developing mood disorders, primarily targeting those who have pre-existing mental illnesses. Research has verified that hormonal fluctuations, inadequate psychosocial assistance, and financial challenges amplify the postpartum mood symptoms (Garapati et al., 2023).

The combination of depression and suicidal tendencies across generations places Marly at higher risk for psychiatric difficulties because genetics appears to influence mental conditions. Postpartum mental health difficulties affect people with mood disorder family backgrounds significantly because genetic elements combine with environmental triggers to affect their psychological state in the critical postpartum period (Garapati et al., 2023). Marly faces multiple risk factors for mental health decline because she lives in public housing and faces financial hardships while caring for her three young children. Postpartum depression increases in frequency among mothers who face financial hardship, insufficient mental health care, and lack social support networks, as per Garapati et al. (2023). The combination of living in public housing with stress from raising three young kids makes her susceptible to greater mental health decline.

  1. What precipitating factors could be contributing to the current symptoms?

Various reasons led to Marly’s present psychological state. The birth of her newborn exposes her to a great risk of developing severe postpartum mood disturbances, including postpartum psychosis. Uccella et al. (2023) highlight that proper postpartum mood disorder diagnoses and differentiation help healthcare providers provide early interventions, which yield enhanced treatment results. Healthcare professionals need to identify symptoms of mood variations as hormone changes become drastic during this period.

The history of cocaine, methamphetamine, and alcohol use has made her susceptible to future substance relapse because these substances often lead to agitation, psychosis, and paranoia. A complete postpartum mental health evaluation examines biological, psychological, and socioeconomic risks to ensure accurate diagnosis, support, and treatment based on research by Uccella et al. (2023). Marly faces increased risk for postpartum mood disorders because her existing insomnia syndrome and persistent sleep loss create high vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, which commonly stem from sleep disturbances.

Medical specialists identify postpartum mental health as a condition resulting from both psychological pressures and biological elements. Uccella et al. show how mothers such as Marly experience psychological distress because of money problems, child-related responsibilities, and domestic violence situations. The substance use and aggressive behavior of her boyfriend trigger both paranoia and intense anxiety in Marly. Assessing risks after childbirth demands that mental health professionals create both evaluation tools and supportive systems. Further studies also demonstrate that healthcare barriers and stigma hinder long-term outcomes, but effective, accessible care with comprehensive intervention strategies specifically for mothers remains essential.

  1. What is the differential diagnosis?

A set of psychiatric disorders requires analysis based on the observed symptoms exhibited by Marly. The postpartum psychosis (PPP) arises as a possible and severe condition that generates hallucinations and leads to delusions, mood disturbances, and behavioral changes. The unique nature of PPP distinguishes it from other psychotic disorders because it directly affects mother-infant relationships and necessitates specialized assessment techniques according to Friedman et al. (2023). Knowledge about PPP’s biological foundation would enable early recognition and treatment; therefore, physicians should evaluate Marly for psychiatric and medical aspects.

Monitoring substance-induced psychotic disorder remains essential because the patient’s history of stimulant abuse triggers symptoms of paranoia, aggression, and unpredictable behavior. Medical professionals should consider bipolar disorder when patients experience psychotic symptoms, documented episodes of bipolar mood swings, and psychiatric hospitalizations. Evaluation of schizoaffective disorder symptoms is needed because of the patient’s agitated and disordered thought patterns.

Medical examinations must confirm if the patient’s elevated blood pressure measurement of 160/90 will cause hypertensive encephalopathy, and laboratory testing must eliminate delirium stemming from potential metabolic or infectious conditions. Several healthcare professionals must evaluate Marly because she needs diagnostic approaches that align with research evidence and recognition of her maternal responsibilities.

  1. Describe the etiology of the primary diagnosis.

The main diagnosis is postpartum psychosis, which emerges from hormonal changes together with stress exposure and existing susceptibility to mood disorders. The sudden estrogen-progesterone hormonal shifts following childbirth create psychiatric symptoms that are worsened when new mothers lack sufficient sleep (Sharma et al., 2022). The vulnerability described in Marly’s psychiatric background became worse because of hormonal changes that followed childbirth. People who use cocaine and methamphetamine experience psychotic symptoms since these substances increase arousal levels and create paranoia, which leads to aggressive behavior (Sharma et al., 2022). Continued drug use distorts brain functions, which leads to higher psychiatric risk levels when people stop taking drugs. It is worth mentioning that multiple biological factors, including heredity combined with chemical and psychological stressors, seem to drive both the formation and recurrence of bipolar disorder.

  1. How would you manage this crisis situation?

The top priority for Marly’s crisis management requires protecting her safety alongside safeguarding the people near her. The combination of her agitation, along with paranoia and aggression, requires intensive attention through admission to a psychiatric unit, which will safeguard both herself and others. An involuntary hospital admission may become necessary if the patient presents a threat to herself or anyone else. Medication therapy with antipsychotics supports the stabilization of Marly’s psychotic symptoms, which are at present acute. Supportive care and detoxification procedures should be implemented immediately when substance intoxication is recognized (Weber et al., 2021). The patient needs complete medical evaluations and psychiatric assessments, including diagnostic tests and medical imaging, to exclude potential conditions. Social services need to evaluate her children’s welfare and should offer assistance in cases involving domestic violence issues. Stabilization of her condition and long-term care planning must integrate medical services from psychiatry, along with social work and addiction treatment expertise.

  1. What are the nonpharmacologic interventions that would help?

Psychosocial Support: Supporting Marly requires comprehensive psychosocial measures that include crisis counseling to manage any current distress. The adoption of trauma-informed methodologies proves essential in this context because domestic violence might exist within her situation. Postpartum mother support groups, recovery groups for mental health and substance abuse issues, offer extended emotional and social backing to affected individuals like Marly (Weber et al., 2021).

Crisis Intervention and Safety Planning: A crisis intervention plan and safety plan should be implemented due to Marly’s unpredictable behaviors, combined with her destructive mood swings. Prior interventions must include removing current stressors alongside a safety assessment that might require social service intervention. Detected domestic violence will trigger access to designated shelters and legal support services for the individual.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Psychotherapy: After stabilization, Marly needs therapy for treating mood swings, substance abuse problems, and dealing with emotional instability. Marly will benefit from CBT therapy to learn different techniques that both calm stress and decrease the chances of returning to past harmful behaviors. If past abuse serves as a cause for current problems, then trauma-focused therapy should become part of the treatment strategy (Weber et al., 2021).

Substance Use Treatment: An experienced expert needs to provide Marly with professional addiction treatment through organized substance abuse treatment planning since she has experienced cocaine, methamphetamine, and alcohol use. The substance treatment plan for such patients includes inpatient treatments, outpatient therapy, and participation in recovery groups like Narcotics Anonymous (NA) or Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (Weber et al., 2021).

Community and Social Resources: By connecting Marly to housing support programs, financial assistance, and neighborhood-based mental health programs, her stability will improve. The social service system needs to provide Marly with safe housing opportunities in a secure neighborhood.

  1. What are the psychopharmacological interventions that would help?

Antipsychotics for Psychosis and Agitation: Antipsychotic medications such as olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol should be prescribed for Marly because her symptoms include paranoia, confusion, and aggressive behavior. The prescribed medications in this category reduce psychotic symptoms as well as agitation. Among second-generation antipsychotic drugs, the preferred choice for administration rests with olanzapine because it poses minimal risks for generating extrapyramidal side effects (Johansen et al., 2020).

Mood Stabilizers for Underlying Bipolar Disorder: Prescription of lithium or valproate by a psychiatrist is necessary to treat Marly since she shows signs of bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Medical staff must monitor both kidney function and thyroid status before administering lithium and should use caution while prescribing valproate because it poses teratogenic risks to patients.

Benzodiazepines for Acute Agitation: The treatment of acute agitation with short-term benzodiazepines like lorazepam should be considered only when Marly poses a danger to herself or others. Care should be taken when prescribing benzodiazepines due to her substance usage background because these drugs have known dependence risks (Johansen et al., 2020).

Antidepressants if Postpartum Depression is Present: A healthcare provider will prescribe an antidepressant from the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class (SSRI), such as sertraline, if Marly continues to show depressive symptoms after stabilization. Sertraline functions as a preferred treatment option for postpartum patients because of its minimal risks to breastfeeding mothers (Johansen et al., 2020).

Breastfeeding Considerations: New mothers like Marly who breastfeed require medicine choices that will not affect their nursing ability. Nurses must monitor infants when specific antipsychotic medications and mood stabilizers are used (Weber et al., 2021). Professional collaboration between the nurse, an obstetrician, and a lactation consultant is strongly recommended.

  1. Identify safety risks and how they should be dealt with in the treatment plan.

Risk of Harm to Self or Others: The aggressive conduct, paranoid behavior, and psychiatric admission records suggest Marly poses a severe danger to herself and others. Therefore, continuous staff supervision must be provided to her until her condition improves. Psychiatric hold laws enabling involuntary hospitalization through 72-hour holds should be implemented when she refuses treatment and demonstrates a high risk of harm.

Domestic Violence and Housing Instability: A domestic violence situation might exist as her mother believes her boyfriend abuses her, which creates concerns about intimate partner violence (IPV). Social services need to collaborate with the client to build a safety plan that contains both shelter services for domestic abuse survivors and legal advice. Safe and permanently stable housing needs to be included within her comprehensive long-term care strategy.

Substance Use Relapse: The fact that Marly formerly used cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, and marijuana creates a high risk for her to return to substance abuse. The treatment program should incorporate substance abuse therapy and possible hospital-based detoxification in addition to relapse prevention measures. Medications like naltrexone or acamprosate may help with cravings (Adams et al., 2021).

Noncompliance with Treatment: The existing psychiatric hospitalizations and unpredictable actions of Marly increase her likelihood of nonadhering to medication prescriptions and post-hospital care appointments. The structured discharge plan should contain necessary outpatient psychiatric follow-up appointments, case management support, and additional home visits if required (Adams et al., 2021).

 

References

Adams, Z. M., Ginapp, C. M., Price, C. R., Qin, Y., Madden, L. M., Yonkers, K., & Meyer, J. P. (2021). “A good mother”: Impact of motherhood identity on women’s substance use and engagement in treatment across the lifespan. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 130, 108474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108474

Friedman, S. H., Reed, E., & Ross, N. E. (2023). Postpartum psychosis. Current psychiatry reports, 25(2), 65-72.

Garapati, J., Jajoo, S., Aradhya, D., Reddy, L. S., Dahiphale, S. M., Patel, D. J., … & Dahiphale, S. M. (2023). Postpartum mood disorders: insights into diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Cureus, 15(7).

Johansen, S. L., Stenhaug, B. A., Robakis, T. K., Williams, K. E., & Cullen, M. R. (2020). Past psychiatric conditions as risk factors for postpartum depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.19m12929

Sharma, V., Mazmanian, D., Palagini, L., & Bramante, A. (2022). Postpartum psychosis: Revisiting the phenomenology, nosology, and treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 10, 100378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100378

Uccella, S., Cordani, R., Salfi, F., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Gemignani, A., … & Nobili, L. (2023). Sleep deprivation and insomnia in adolescence: implications for mental health. Brain sciences, 13(4), 569.

Weber, A., Miskle, B., Lynch, A., Arndt, S., & Acion, L. (2021). Substance Use in Pregnancy: Identifying stigma and Improving care. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, Volume 12, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.2147/sar.s319180

 

NU 665 WEEK 13: Crisis Case Study

Value: 100 points

Due: Day 7

Grading Category: Case Studies

Instructions

In this assignment, you will review the Crisis Case Study and analyze the data to determine the health status of the patient. You will need a minimum of two scholarly references to support your work.

  • Use the NU665C Crisis Case Study Questions (Word) document to complete the case study assignment.
  • Follow the requirements posted in the rubric.
  • Interactive case studies should be five to seven pages depending on the complexity of the case. This is excluding title and references pages.

All papers must conform to the most recent APA standards.

Please refer to the Grading Rubric for details on how this activity will be graded.

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Cannabis 101 for Nurses

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Cannabis 101 for Nurses

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Introduction

The healthcare industry is experiencing continuous growth and expansion.This  development has resulted in the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches within the field. Incorporating cannabis has emerged as a supplementary approach within treatment methods(Volkow & Weiss, 2020). The utilization of cannabis within the medical domain has generated considerable controversy. Nevertheless, marijuana has emerged as a potent pharmaceutical agent for alleviating pain in individuals, particularly those afflicted with chronic ailments. The ensuing discourse will delve into an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which cannabis operates and the diverse methods employed for its consumption.

How cannabis works in the body

The most frequent name for cannabis is marijuana. The plant has 500 parts, 104 of which are cannabinoids. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are marijuana’s major components(Yarar, 2020). Because THC impacts herb strength, it can explain its proactive qualities.

Patients have generally used cannabis for medical purposes. Traditional Chinese medicine employed marijuana for anti-emetic, anti-nociception, anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabis’s main effect is boosting the endocannabinoid system (ECS) mental function. The ECS holds endocannabinoid receptors in the mind, connective tissues, and resistant cells. ECS controls and tracks several psychological processes, including sensation, mood, and appetite. EC receptors make tetrahydrocannabinol more responsive, which benefits the body. The only EC receptors are CB1 and CB2(Yarar, 2020). Gonads, glands, connective, and neurological systems have CB1 receptors. Most immune cells have CB2 receptors. The body creates six endocannabinoids to stimulate receptors. Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids, which replicate endogenous endocannabinoids, which mature in the body and fit into receptors. However, cannabinoids in marijuana generate psychotropic effects in human EC systems(Volkow & Weiss, 2020).

Before smoking cannabis, anandamide and dopamine regulate cognition, hunger, mood, and motor skills. Smoking marijuana blocks anandamide and dopamine binding by attaching phytocannabinoids to CB1 and CB2 receptors (Cherkasova et al., 2022). Tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids give cannabis its euphoric high. The orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus are also affected by severe marijuana use. These components improve brain cognition and memory.

Tetrahydrocannabinol also stimulates a key brain pathway that regulates strong positive predispositions like sex. Cannabis enhances dopamine release by boosting the brain’s reward structure. Cannabis users are joyful because dopamine secretion increases. Cannabis users with endocannabinoid deficit syndrome have lower cannabinoid secretions than needed for health. Endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome is caused by ECS dysfunction and insufficient endocannabinoids(Cherkasova et al., 2022). The deficient syndrome disrupts several bodily systems, such as the digestive system, and impacts sleep and psychological state. Endocannabinoid deficiency condition causes fibromyalgia, migraines, and irritable bowel disorder.

Four different delivery routes that patients may use for cannabis

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, dose and administration affect cannabis’ pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Patients can choose from four cannabis delivery techniques. Inhaling marijuana is first. Cannabis must be smoked using dried leaves(Farokhnia et al., 2020). This method induces drunkenness after two minutes and has greater effects after 30 minutes. Despite the risk of extended memory loss, Human brains retain the effects of inhalation-related poisoning for four hours. Vaporizing herbal cannabis is more efficient than smoking. Herbal vaporizers absorb 33% of marijuana when inhaled. This route minimizes combustion spin-offs, which can cause respiratory issues and cancer. In contrast to herbal marijuana products, concentrated marijuana products encourage consumers to take larger quantities, intensifying the negative effects.

The oral method can be used to take marijuana. Palatable cannabis is oral(Farokhnia et al., 2020). Eatable grass was often blended into a compound used in rituals and medicine. Some countries have legalized cannabis, and dispensaries sell cannabis-infused food and drinks. Oral marijuana metabolization is too unpredictable, causing the first-pass effect. Cannabis has THC effects after two to four hours, which can last up to eight hours, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cannabis’ long half-life in the body is a downside of oral use. This method preserves oil cannabis’ anticancer effects and lasts longer than vaporized marijuana.

Rectal cannabis consumption is third. Rectal marijuana medications are administered(Farokhnia et al., 2020). Although it works similarly to oral marijuana use, the rectal route takes up to 10 minutes to take action. This method boosts marijuana bioavailability by avoiding first-pass metabolism, unlike oral administration. The rectal approach has downsides, including a delayed bodily response rather than vaporization.

Finally, cannabis topically absorbs it(Farokhnia et al., 2020). When marijuana is adequately packed in carriers, topical absorption is orderly. The body absorbs topical cannabis creams, lotions, and oils inefficiently. One of marijuana’s benefits is treating localized pain and inflammation topically. On the other hand, slow absorption reduces cannabis’ effects.

Conclusion

The increasing acceptance of cannabis in healthcare is attributed to its advantageous properties, such as its efficacy in managing chronic pain. Consequently, medical practitioners must comprehensively understand the mechanisms through which cannabis interacts with the human body. Various administration methods are employed by cannabis consumers, including ingesting by mouth, rectal treatment, topical application, and oral absorption. When administering cannabis, selecting a route that minimizes potential drawbacks and aligns with the patient’s preferences and comfort level is vital.

References

Cherkasova, V., Wang, B., Gerasymchuk, M., Fiselier, A., Kovalchuk, O., & Kovalchuk, I. (2022). Use of cannabis and cannabinoids for treatment of cancer. Cancers, 14(20), 5142. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14205142

Farokhnia, M., McDiarmid, G. R., Newmeyer, M. N., Munjal, V., Abulseoud, O. A., Huestis, M. A., & Leggio, L. (2020). Effects of oral, smoked and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0756-3

Volkow, N. D., & Weiss, S. R. (2020). Importance of a standard unit dose for cannabis research. Addiction, 115(7), 1219-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14984

Yarar, E. (2020). Role and function of Endocannabinoid system in major depressive disease. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511979

Cannabis 101 for Nurses

Paper details

Cannabis 101 for Nurses

Write a 700 words essay addressing each of the following points. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each bullet point. There should be two main sections, one for each bullet below. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least three (3) sources using citations in your essay. Make sure to cite using the APA writing style for the essay. The cover page and reference page in correct APA do not count towards the minimum word amount. Review the rubric criteria for this assignment.

 

  • Explain how cannabis works in the body by including information regarding the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome.

 

  • Describe four different delivery routes patients may use cannabis, the onset of action for each, and one pro and one con of each route.

 

Include a title page and reference page in APA format.  These do not count towards the minimum word count for this assignment.

Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions.  A minimum of three (3) scholarly sources and the textbook are required to support your claims.

 

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

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Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Article Citation and Permalink

(APA format)

 Article 1

Varkey, B. (2020). Principles of clinical ethics and their application to practice. Medical Principles and Practice, 30(1), 17-28.

Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1159/000509119
Point Description
Broad Topic Area/Title Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Principles Of Clinical Ethics and Their Application to Practice
Problem Statement

(What is the problem research is addressing?)

 Medical research ethics include beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, justice, and others.
Purpose Statement

(What is the purpose of the study?)

 The study investigates moral and ethical concepts in healthcare to protect patients. It examines the ethical decisions health practitioners must make when providing services.
Research Questions

(What questions does the research seek to answer?)

 The study examines how doctors protect patients’ rights and safety with Beneficence. How do ethical and moral considerations assist doctors in improving healthcare? The paper describes how physicians develop pharmaceuticals to meet patient needs for better health, welfare, and well-being for a better society.

 
Define Hypothesis

(Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used)

 An alternate theory was used to investigate ethical considerations and healthcare.
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables Beneficence, cruelty, autonomy, confidentiality, and justice were ethical variables. Healthcare, patient safety, and well-being depend. Ethics were addressed randomly using nominal variables without ranking.

 
The Population of Interest for Study The research focused on doctors and patients.
Sample The material was summarized using four data samples.
Sampling Method The study used simple random sampling.
Identify Data Collection

Identify how data were collected

 The study collected, analyzed, and interpreted data online.
Summarize Data Collection Approach Healthcare providers’ moral decisions to promote patient quality and safety were studied in qualitative research. According to studies, such values assist doctors in respecting, upholding, and pursuing healthcare missions to meet patients’ needs and improve their experience.

 
Discuss Data Analysis

Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables.

 The study found that beneficence helps doctors save lives, cure diseases, and safeguard patients. The autonomy concept lets doctors reveal patient information to make better treatment decisions based on patient needs.
Summarize Results of the Study For enhanced patient outcomes, informed consent, address disclosure, comprehension, and recommended action universally accommodate cultural mores. Fairness, equity, and improved care improve patient health and well-being using these approaches.
Summary of Assumptions and Limitations

Identify the assumptions and limitations of the article.

Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author.

 Clinicians make moral contemplations when providing ethical care. Truth, empathy, compassion, respect, dignity, justice, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, etc. These ethics help doctors gain trust, tell the truth, and get informed consent.

Article missing data comparison research. The authors needed to fully incorporate earlier studies within the study’s scope for improved comparison and reliability. The goals were vague in the paper.

 

 

Ethical Considerations

Research ethics addresses morality and provides moral rules, standards, processes, and initiatives. It aims to prevent diseases, preserve life, and promote health while considering society, communities, organizations, and individuals (Varkey, 2020). Ethics help healthcare providers make moral decisions. It encompasses honesty, empathy, compassion, respect, dignity, justice, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, etc. These ethics help doctors achieve informed consent, speak the truth, and win confidence.

The study found that beneficence helps clinicians save lives, eliminate diseases, prevent harm, and prevent injuries. Doctors use it to improve patient health and safety. Moral doctors respect others’ lives without injuring them (Varkey, 2020). These regulations protect doctors from killing patients and ensure their pain, capacitance, and suffering. This principle helps doctors diagnose and choose non-burdening treatments. Doctors exercise respect, decency, compassion, empathy, and other ethics to increase their skills and kindness.

The essay says the autonomy principle helps people make moral and better self-determination decisions. It discloses patient information to improve treatment alternatives that satisfy patient needs (Varkey, 2020). This method lets people make informed decisions and retain privacy for better health. The study shows that autonomy helps patients build confidence and be honest about their aspirations. To improve patient outcomes, informed consent requires disclosure, comprehension, and recommended action that accommodates cultural norms worldwide. These strategies improve patient health by being fair, equitable, and providing better care.

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Paper details

Write a 700 word essay This week assignment is an APA paper of 700 words with a required 3 scholarly sources used throughout the paper cited and referenced correctly in APA. Rubric is for an APA Essay found in the Assignment Upload link in the lower right corner please review. This week we talk about

  • Describe the need for Telehealth services. Explain the difference between Synchronous Telehealth and Asynchronous Telehealth. Finally, offer your personal opinions related to this new mechanism for health care (first person narration can be used for this final part).
  • Find an article that discusses another new or upcoming technology change. Discuss the main points of the article related to the technology (remember to cite the article). Then explain how nursing will be directly impacted by this new technology listing one positive and one possible downside.

Use appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. A minimum of three (3) scholarly sources are required for this assignment.

Be sure to follow all the APA rules for an APA paper which includes title page, page #s, small introduction, level headings to organize the different sections of the paper, small conclusion, citations throughout, and a reference page.

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NSG 6435 Week 2

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NSG 6435 Week 2 

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NSG 6435 Week 2

Discussion: iHuman Case Study – Developmental Assessment and Biological Functioning

This discussion assignment provides a forum for discussing relevant topics for this week based on the course competencies covered.For this assignment, make sure you post your initial response to the Discussion Area NSG 6435.

To support your work, use your course textbook readings and the South University Online Library.As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format.

Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible.Respond to at least two of your classmates’ initial postings.Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion.Cite sources in your responses to other classmates.Complete your participation for this assignment .

For this assignment, you will complete an iHuman case study based on the course objectives and weekly content. iHuman cases emphasize core learning objectives for an evidence-based primary care curriculum. NSG 6435. Throughout your nurse practitioner program, you will use the iHuman case studies to promote the development of clinical reasoning through the use of ongoing assessments and diagnostic skills and to develop patient care plans that are grounded in the latest clinical guidelines and evidence-based practice.

The iHuman assignments are highly interactive and a dynamic way to enhance your learning.Material from the iHuman cases may be present in the quizzes, the midterm exam, and the final exam.

Here you can view information on how to access and navigate iHuman.

This week, complete the iHuman case titled “Buddy (Theodore, Jr.) VE.”

Apply information from the iHuman Case Study to answer the following questions:

Why is developmental assessment essential in the provision of primary care for infants, children, and adolescents, and what are the essential components of this assessment on the basis of a child’s age?

Which tools will you use to assess specific components of development (such as speech, motor skills, social skills, etc.)? Which tools do you think are the most accurate in assessing the developmental components and why? NSG 6435.

Which components would you consider in assessing the basic biological functioning and well-being of your pediatric patients? Why are these components important in providing primary health-care services to children?

Approach To Care Of Cancer

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Approach To Care Of Cancer

Write a paper (1,250-1,750 words) describing the approach to care of cancer. In addition, include the following in your paper:

  1. Describe the diagnosis and staging of cancer.
  2. Describe at least three complications of cancer, the side effects of treatment, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects.
  3. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the
rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin.  response to 6 posts

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Pathopysiology

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Pathopysiology

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Pathopysiology

You are an RN working in an Urgent Care. Below is just a brief history  of a client with information limited on purpose to encourage you to  utilize your critical thinking skills.

Subjective information: Miranda is a 26-year-old female who  presents to the office with the complaint of diarrhea for 6 days. She  states she has lost 8 pounds in one week. She is not currently taking  any medications. She has tried over-the-counter remedies for the  treatment of her diarrhea with minimal improvement. She is generally  healthy with only a sinus and bladder infection on occasion.

Objective information: She does not have a temperature, BP  is 102/60, Pulse is 98, and her bowel sounds are present in all   quadrants and are hyperactive. Her abdomen is soft and mildly tender.

In a 2-3 page paper, answer the following questions. Include, at  minimum, two peer reviewed sources (in-text citation), and provide a  Reference page (not included in the page count) using APA Editorial  format.

  1. What is the pathogenesis of diarrhea?
  2. Describe the different mechanisms of diarrhea (osmotic, secretory and motility).
  3. With the limited information provided, what  additional  information would you like to obtain from her history and physical  to  help direct your care plan? Describe why obtaining this information  would be helpful in leading you to a nursing diagnosis.
  4. What infectious or inflammatory conditions could she be suffering from?

Communicable Disease Selection

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Communicable Disease Selection

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Communicable Disease Selection

Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance completing this assignment.

Communicable Disease Selection

Choose one communicable disease from the following list:

Chickenpox
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Mononucleosis
Hepatitis B
HIV
Ebola
Measles
Polio
Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements

Address the following:

Describe the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
Describe the determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. (The textbook describes each element of the epidemiologic triangle). Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collecting, data analysis, and follow-up).
Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organization(s) contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.
A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

  • Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
  • Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
  • One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
  • I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

  • Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
  • In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
  • Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
  • Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

  • Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
  • Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
  • I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

  • I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
  • As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
  • It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

 

LopesWrite Policy

  • For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
  • Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
  • Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
  • Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

  • The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
  • Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
  • If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
  • I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
  • As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

  • Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: 
    • Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
    • Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
Discussion: Communicable Disease Selection

Health as a Human Right

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Health as a Human Right

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Assignment: Health as a Human Right

Health as a Human Right
Article 25 of the 1948 UDHR and the Constitution of WHO are examples of positive expressions of health as a human right.

Using South University Online Library or the Internet, search for  “health as a human right, a perspective from the WHO,” put forth in the  UDHR. Conduct a research on this topic. Your research should include key  features of the decisions, investigations, and laws you analyzed during  the research.

Your research should also include answers to the following questions:

Analyze the purpose of Article 25 of the 1948 UDHR and the Constitution of the WHO.
In your opinion, do these two positive laws contradict the no-duty principle in the United States? Why or why not?
The term “the right to make informed health care decisions” is an  important health care right of patients that have the right to make  informed decisions about the direction of their care, including refusing  treatment. Give your views on this statement and support your answer  using relevant references.
Compare and contrast the terms “the right to make informed health care decisions” and “the right to health.”
In your opinion on life or death situations, do you think individuals should be allowed to refuse treatment? Why or why not?
After answering the above questions, read the following statement:

The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)  protects the rights of the poor and uninsured by stating that a hospital  cannot refuse emergency treatment because of the patient’s inability to  pay (patient dumping). Based on this statement, answer the following  questions:

Explain and analyze two key duties of hospitals under EMTALA.
What do you think would happen if a hospital administrator directed  an ambulance to take a patient to another hospital because the  individual is uninsured?
Explain what impact this act might have on private hospitals. How  does this act impact other publicly funded programs in the state?

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

  • Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
  • Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
  • One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
  • I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.

Weekly Participation

  • Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
  • In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
  • Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
  • Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.

APA Format and Writing Quality

  • Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
  • Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
  • I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.

Use of Direct Quotes

  • I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
  • As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
  • It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.

 

LopesWrite Policy

  • For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
  • Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
  • Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
  • Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.

Late Policy

  • The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
  • Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
  • If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
  • I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
  • As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.

Communication

  • Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me: 
    • Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
    • Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.
Assignment: Health as a Human Right