Diabetes a Global Health Concern PICOT Question

Research Critiques and PICOT Question Guidelines – Final Draft Use this document to organize the content from your four studies into your final draft. Quantitative and Quantitative Studies Background 1. Summary of studies. Include problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research question. How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose? 1. Discuss how these articles will be used to answer your PICOT question. 2. Describe how the interventions and comparison groups in the articles compare to those identified in your PICOT question. Method of Study: 1. State the methods of the articles you are comparing and describe how they are different. 2. Consider the methods you identified in your chosen articles and state one benefit and one limitation of each method. Results of Study 1. Summarize the key findings of each of the studies into a comprehensive summary. 2. What are the implications of the four studies you chose in nursing practice? Ethical Considerations 1. Discuss two ethical consideration in conducting research. 2. Describe how the researchers in the four articles you choose took these ethical considerations into account while performing their research. Outcomes Comparison 1. What are the anticipated outcomes for your PICOT question? 2. How do the outcomes of the four articles you chose compare to your anticipated outcomes? © 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. Running head: RESEARCH CRITIQUE 1 Research Critique Jonathan Garcia Grand Canyon University 03-08-20 RESEARCH CRITIQUE 2 Research Critique Background Article by Balkau et al The article mainly talks about the transmission of diabetes in families. The study explains the probability of a child having diabetes is high when both parents have diabetes. Diabetes a Global Health Concern PICOT Question

Most of the studies have indicated that diabetes is maternal rather than paternal. In the InterAct study, it was found that the hazard ratios, especially those that are associated with family history of diabetes that is of the first order is high in women than in men. It is crucial to acknowledge that in at least two studies, especially of individuals with Type 2 diabetes, it was found out that more females had the tendency to transmit diabetes to their infants as opposed to males (Balkau et al, 2017). The study aims at carrying out an analysis of the incidence of diabetes in both males and females, especially of first and second-degree family members. The study also aims at investigating the impact of genetics on the transmission of diabetes from parents to their infants. Article by Dabelea The article aims at explaining how parents with diabetes, especially mothers are likely to infect their children with the disease. Additionally, the study explains how pregnancies complicated with diabetes have resulted in other health issues including children having high birth weight and increased likelihood of obesity in the future. More importantly, the study aims at explaining how exposure to mother’s diabetes may increase the risk of diabetes for infants. Research conducted at the Diabetes in Pregnancy Center at the Northwestern University of Chicago indicates that there is excessive growth of infants, especially in mothers who are diabetic (Dabelea, 2007). The study was conducted on Pima Indian women, especially those who RESEARCH CRITIQUE 3 have diabetes. In the last three decades, oral glucose tests conducted on Pima Indian women during pregnancy have indicated that glucose testing is effective in the assessment of the family history of diabetes. Moreover, the study also explains how diabetes can result in other health problems including cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovascular risk factors in infants tend to increase in children whose mothers have diabetes as they develop high blood pressure, especially as their arteries become constricted. How do these two articles support the nurse practice issue you chose? Article by Balkau et al A critical examination of the article indicates that it can be used to answer the PICOT question in various ways. Firstly, the article helps us to understand that the risk of diabetes in children is higher in the case where the parents are diabetic. Notably, the article asserts that the risk is higher in mothers as opposed to fathers and thus the likelihood of a child having diabetes is high, especially when the mother is diabetic (Balkau et al, 2017). Additionally, the article helps in answering the PICOT question as it affirms that the prevalence of diabetes is high in first-degree family members, that is, a child is likely to contract diabetes from the parents as opposed to distant relatives. The interventions suggested in the article are similar to those in the PICOT question as they both advocate for early screening of parents to establish if they have diabetes and thus find better techniques of ensuring that the offspring do not develop diabetes. The comparison groups are similar in the article and the PICOT question as they are both interested in children. Article by Dabelea RESEARCH CRITIQUE 4 An intense examination of the article indicates that it can be utilized in answering the PICOT question. Firstly, it explains how mothers with diabetes are likely to infect their infants with the disorder (Dabelea, 2007). Secondly, the article talks about the various complications associated with diabetes that children are likely to develop. Just like the PICOT question, the major concern is diabetes and its associated effects in children. Both the PICOT question and the article aim at explaining why early screening of diabetes is vital in helping parents in delivering infants without diabetes. Early screening makes it possible for health professionals to come up with effective techniques for mothers to deliver infants free from diabetes. With regard to the comparison groups, both the article and the PICOT question have similar groups, that is, children. Method of Study: Article by Balkau et al The method of study employed was a cohort study. Data were obtained from the Epidemiological Study on Insulin Resistance syndrome and the total number of participants was 5212 both males and females (Balkau et al, 2017). It is crucial to acknowledge that the participants volunteered to take part in the study. The cohort study ensured that the participants underwent examination with various biological tests and they also completed a questionnaire. With regard to the benefit of the cohort study, we should acknowledge that it is effective in determining the presence of diabetes as it employs the use of clinical tests. The only limitation that the cohort study has is that it is involving to carry out the tests, especially on a large number of participants. RESEARCH CRITIQUE 5 Article by Dabelea The study employed the observation method. Diabetes a Global Health Concern PICOT Question

The method aimed at studying various aspects of diabetes including various disorders it is associated with. The participants in the study were studied to determine if they had any disorders that are associated with diabetes. Additionally, the method helped in obtaining information on the risk of an infant contracting diabetes, especially in the case where the mother has the disorder (Dabelea, 2007). The main benefit of the observation method is that it helps in collecting data about the prevalence of diabetes from parent to a child. The main limitation of the observation method is that it does not reveal the factors that are responsible for the transmission of diabetes from parent to a child. Results of Study Article by Balkau et al Some of the findings of the study may include the assertion that there is a high risk of children contracting diabetes from their mothers, especially as women with incident diabetes at one point or another had a family member with the disorder. Additionally, the findings indicated that the risk of a mother transferring diabetes to a child is greater compared to that of the father (Balkau et al, 2017). Moreover, there was no evidence indicating that males there is an association involving the occurrence of diabetes and the presence of diabetes in any member of a particular family. The implication of this study is that diabetes is mainly contracted by children from their mothers as opposed to their fathers. Article by Dabelea RESEARCH CRITIQUE 6 The major finding of the study is that diabetes is associated with other disorders that affect the quality of life of children (Dabelea, 2007). Additionally, mothers with diabetes put their children at high risk of contracting diabetes. The implication of the study is that more research should be conducted in the future to establish mechanisms of giving birth to children without diabetes even if the parents are diabetic. Outcomes Comparison A critical examination of the outcomes of the PICOT question indicates that the most anticipated outcome is that family history plays a crucial role in the contraction of diabetes by children from their parents. Children whose parents are diabetic are likely to be diabetic too. Importantly, the outcomes of the two articles are similar to my anticipated outcomes. RESEARCH CRITIQUE 7 References Balkau, B., Roussel, R., Wagner, S., Tichet, J., Froguel, P., Fagherazzi, G., … & DESIR Study Group. (2017). Transmission of Type 2 diabetes to sons and daughters: the DESIR cohort. Diabetic Medicine, 34(11), 1615-1622. Dabelea, D. (2007). The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes care, 30(Supplement 2), S169-S174. Running head: PICOT Question Analysis 1 PICOT Question Analysis Jonathan Garcia Grand Canyon University 02/22/20 NRS-433V © 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. PICOT Question Analysis 2 PICOT Question Analysis Summary of Clinical Issue Diabetes is considered a blood sugar irregularity infection that affects the procedures of managing glucose in a human body. Diabetes can include type 1, type 2, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. Diabetes is caused by lifestyle issues that are linked to obesity and can also be hereditary. Hereditary diabetes is common in various parts and can be evaluated based on the assessment of family history. Parents with cases of diabetes have a high risk of transmitting the condition to their children. Diabetes can be hereditary and children raised by diabetic parents are at an increased risk of being diagnosed with diabetes at the age of 1-20. Also, parental genes have the aspect of dictating the conditions of the offspring and diabetic genes are among the transmissible genetic materials to the children. Lifestyle choices of diabetic parents can also be considered as elements that can increase the risks of obtaining diabetes to the children. For example, intakes of an unstable diet of the parents can be seen as a risk factor of being diagnosed with diabetes to the children. Lack of enough physical exercise can also be considered a risk factor for the children. Parents dictate the lifestyle aspects of the life of their children and can be seen as the cause of increased risks of being raised by diabetic parents. Therefore, children raised by parents with diabetes can be at risk of being diagnosed with diabetes at the ages between 1-20 which could be caused by hereditary genes, unstable diet, and lack of physical exercise. PICOT Question: Are children raised by diabetic parents also at increased risk of diabetes compared to those who do not have diabetic parents between the ages of 1-20? Literature Evaluation Table 2 PICOT Question Analysis Criteria 3 Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 APA- Soderborg, T. K., Borengasser, S. J., Balkau, B., Roussel, R., Wagner, S., Tichet, J., K Papazafiropoulou, A., Papanas, N., Formatted Barbour, L. A., & Friedman, J. E. Froguel, P., Fagherazzi, G., … & DESIR Study Melidonis, A., & Maltezos, E. (2017). Article (2016). Microbial transmission from Group. (2017). Transmission of Type 2 Family history of type 2 diabetes: does Citation with mothers with obesity or diabetes to diabetes to sons and daughters: the DESIR having a diabetic parent increase the Permalink infants: an innovative opportunity to cohort. Diabetic Medicine, 34(11), 1615-1622. risk?. Current diabetes reviews, 13(1), interrupt a vicious https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.111 19-25. cycle. Diabetologia, 59(5), 895-906. 1/dme.13446 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed https://link.springer.com/article/10.100 /26490432 7/s00125-016-3880-0 How Does the The article reflects the dangers of The article is linked to the PICOT question as The article reflects the connection of Article Relate being raised or born by diabetic or it describes the scenarios and evidence of genetics transmission to children. to the PICOT obesity parents which increase the diabetes transmission from parents to children. Parents with a history of diabetes Question? risks of being diagnosed with diabetes The authors also demonstrate the rate of increase the risks to their children of at an early age between 1 – 20 years. diabetes hereditary when both parents have the being diagnosed with diabetes. The The article is also related to the health condition. The article further illustrates article elaborates the scenarios of PICOT question as it describes the that diabetes is maternal rather than paternal. family history of diabetes type 2 which 3 PICOT Question Analysis 4 problems connected to maternal is higher to the children whose parents obesity and diabetes. have the condition. Quantitative, The research focused on quantitative The study was based on quantitative method The research focused on a quantitative Qualitative method which analyzed 175 pregnant which analyzed more than 5212 men and approach of analyzing whether family (How do you women. The analysis involved the women and involved the approaches of history is linked to the increased risks know?) surveys that analyzed the behaviors gathering the opinions and behaviors of the of diabetes to children. The research and attitudes towards various types of specified population. analyzed the behaviors of patients with medication. type-2 diabetes and the diagnosis of their children with the health condition. Purpose The article reflects the need to identify The research aimed at identifying the aspects The study proposed strategies that Statement the transmission of diabetes and of transmitting type-2 diabetes from parents to were aimed at analyzing the aspect of obesity microorganisms from parents children genetic predisposition of type-2 to children diabetes to offspring Research Can microbial organisms of diabetes Do men and women differ when it comes to How can a parent with diabetes Question be transmitted to infants? inherit diabetic genes from parents? Diabetes a Global Health Concern PICOT Question

increase the risks to children in being diabetic? 4 PICOT Question Analysis Outcome Maternal diabetic condition increases 5 Women tend to acquire and inherit diabetic Having a parent or both with diabetic the risks for obesity to children and the conditions from parents as compared to men. conditions can increase the risks to the next generation. children. Setting The research was conducted in a The study was conducted in a social setting The research was based on a social (Where did medical facility and comprised of a whereby families were interviewed and setting with various interviews to the study take physical setting. assessed on the implications of hereditary families with a history of diabetes. place?) Sample diabetes. The research considered simple The sample involved 2187 men and 2282 The study involved random sampling random sampling whereby no specific women in assessing regular population sample was used but interviews were done to a wide variety of population. Method Observation method was used Cohort study Narrative review Key Findings Microbial elements are transmitted to Women are at high risks of obtaining diabetic Diabetes can be inherited when one or of the Study children and could increase the risks conditions from parents when compared to both parents have the condition. It will of genetic diabetes men. be considered high risk if both parents are diabetic more than when one parent is diagnosed with the condition. 5 PICOT Question Analysis 6 Recommendat Women are recommended to obtain Screening and diabetic prevention strategies Family history is vital in the ions of the diabetic treatment programs as a should be implemented to reduce the issues of assessment of the possible health Researcher strategy of reducing the risks of hereditary diabetes interventions in preventing hereditary genetic hereditary of the disease. Criteria Article 4 diabetes Article 5 Article 6 APA- Dabelea, D. (2007). The Prasad, R. B., & Groop, L. (2015). Genetics of Lyssenko, V., Groop, L., & Prasad, R. B. (2015). Formatted predisposition to obesity type 2 diabetes—pitfalls and Genetics of type 2 diabetes: it matters from Article Citation and diabetes in offspring possibilities. Genes, 6(1), 87-123. which parent we inherit the risk. The review of with Permalink of diabetic https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC diabetic studies: RDS, 12(3-4), 233. mothers. Diabetes 4377835/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC care, 30(Supplement 2), 5275752/ S169-S174. https://doi.org/10.2337/d c07-s211 How Does the The article illustrates The article describes the issues of hereditary The authors have demonstrated the links of type Article Relate research of how mothers diabetes which is caused by genetics and lifestyle 2 diabetes with genetics and environmental 6 PICOT Question Analysis 7 to the PICOT with diabetic condition choices. Children are at high risks of being conditions. The explanation of genetics is highly Question? have an increased risk of diagnosed with diabetes if their parents have a linked to the family history whereby children are transmitting the history of the health condition. The article is at high risks of being diagnosed with diabetes at condition to their linked to the PICOT question as it reflects the an early age. children. The research analysis of the conditions that would increase the also discusses the risks risks of diabetes to children. of diabetes to pregnant women which could cause increased weight births and could be linked to diabetic conditions in future. Quantitative, The study used a The article used a qualitative approach in The article has utilized a qualitative analysis in Qualitative quantitative research assessing the correlation of family history of evaluating the links of diabetes in parents and its (How do you approach of evaluating diabetes and its links to children having the correlation to the children’s health condition. The know?) the issues of gestational health condition. The study used focus groups observation strategy was utilized in the diabetes and its links to and observations towards the specimen. assessment. 7 PICOT Question Analysis 8 the children. The approach used longitudinal studies. Purpose The research focused on The focus of the article was based on the analysis The article describes the hereditary elements that Statement assessing the aspect of of genetic factors that are linked to diabetes. children obtain from parents. diabetes genes and their predisposition to children Research Do children have a risk How is diabetes type 2 inherited and what are the Does the father or mother being diagnosed with Question of being diagnosed with risks associated with the health condition? diabetes matter to the inheritance of the disease? Diabetic mothers Diabetes is highly linked to hereditary and the The research concluded that children are at high increase the risks of family hi …