NRS433V Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

Research Critique Guidelines To write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of the research study conducted, address each component below for qualitative study in the Topic 2 assignment and the quantitative study in the Topic 3 assignment. Successful completion of this assignment requires that you provide a rationale, include examples, or reference content from the study in your responses. Qualitative Study Background of Study: • Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. • How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. • Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. • List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. • Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem? Method of Study: • Were qualitative methods appropriate to answer the research questions? • Did the author identify a specific perspective from which the study was developed? If so, what was it? • Did the author cite quantitative and qualitative studies relevant to the focus of the study? What other types of literature did the author include? • Are the references current? For qualitative studies, the author may have included studies older than the 5-year limit typically used for quantitative studies. Findings of older qualitative studies may be relevant to a qualitative study. • Did the author evaluate or indicate the weaknesses of the available studies? • Did the literature review include adequate information to build a logical argument? • When a researcher uses the grounded theory method of qualitative inquiry, the researcher may develop a framework or diagram as part of the findings of the study. Was a framework developed from the study findings? © 2016. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. Results of Study • What were the study findings? • NRS433V Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

What are the implications to nursing? • Explain how the findings contribute to nursing knowledge/science. Would this impact practice, education, administration, or all areas of nursing? Ethical Considerations • Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? • Was patient privacy protected? • Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Conclusion • Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. • Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. • Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. • Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned. 2 Quantitative Study Background of Study: • Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. • How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. • Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. • List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. • Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem? Methods of Study • Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify? • Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants? • Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study? • Was institutional review board approval obtained from the agency in which the study was conducted? • Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined? What were these variables? • How were data collected in this study? • What rationale did the author provide for using this data collection method? • Identify the time period for data collection of the study. • Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant. • Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study. • Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure accuracy of the analysis? • What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two researchers independently analyze the data and compare their analyses? Results of Study • What is the researcher’s interpretation of findings? 3 • Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do you have confidence in the findings? • What limitations of the study were identified by researchers? • Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings? • What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? For example, can the findings of the study be applied to general nursing practice, to a specific population, or to a specific area of nursing? • What suggestions are made for further studies? Ethical Considerations • Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? • Was patient privacy protected? • Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Conclusion • Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. • Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. • Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. • Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned. Reference Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding nursing research (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. 4 Running head: RESEACH CRITIQUE Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations Name: Lisa Ann Mauro Institutional Affiliations: Grand Canyon University 1 RESEARCH CRITIQUE • Background ➢ HIV prevalent in adolescent ➢ Developing regions largely affected • Articles ➢ Wong et al. (2017) ➢ Toth et al. (2018) • Method of study ➢ Qualitative data analysis • Results of study ➢ NRS433V Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

Social economic barriers ➢ Lack of proper counseling ➢ Funding a challenge • Outcomes comparisons ➢ PICOT Question ➢ Articles 2 Running head: RESEARCH CRITIQUE Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations Name: Lisa Ann Mauro Institutional Affiliations: Grand Canyon University 1 RESEARCH CRITIQUE 2 Background The increasing number of adolescents living with HIV in the world and most instances in Sub-Saharan Africa is the problem of the article. Additionally, there is an interest in the impact of societal impacts on the attitudes the adolescents have towards HIV. The significance of the problem in nursing is the fact that the increased number of new infections among adolescents is preventing the universal goal of zero infections. Also, the issue highlights the inadequacy of the information in sensitization the issue of HIV among the youth. Irrespective of the vast amount of data available on HIV/AIDS, the young people and adolescents are still engaging in unsafe sex. The statistics reveal more than 90% of new infections are through sexual intercourse. The objective of the paper is to create awareness of the HIV challenge among the youth throughout the world. The research question focused on the social aspects of HIV and new infections. Articles Wong et al. (2017) focus on ways of improving testing among the youth. In this way, it is expected that there will be increased awareness. In the process, the adolescents are expected to have an in-depth understanding of the HIV information available. Toth et al. (2018), on the other hand, analyzes the impacts of social support the youth need to understand the idea of living with HIV. Additionally, the article focuses on the social implications of the acceptance of the condition as part of human lives. Since a majority of the young people with the disease are from the Sub-Saharan region, it is evident financial and educational matters play a significant role in its prevalence. Therefore, the articles seek to explain the reasons that prevent the affected in these regions from accessing treatment such as the Anti-Retro Viral medication that plays a significant role in managing the disease. RESEARCH CRITIQUE 3 The groups used in the two articles are the youth and young people. Therefore, the groups compare with those in the PICOT questions in the sense that they are of the same age bracket. The PICOT question raises the issue of the social impacts on how the youth view the issue of HIV, which is the basis of the two articles. The two focus on the youth and the adolescent a topic that is the basis of the PICOT question. The correlation between the articles and the PICOT question assists in developing a solution to the issues affecting the youth. Additionally, the two articles touch on the impacts of society on the lives of adolescents, especially in the developing regions. Method of Study The methods of study used in the two studies are qualitative data analysis. Keen research of articles indicates that they provide statistics and present their data collected in numerical forms. Additionally, the strategy for data collection in both the articles is applicable in qualitative data analysis method. Qualitative data analysis is extremely beneficial in topics that capture the social aspect of people’s lives. The data collected reflects the exact issue on the ground and assists in the development of a solution. More so, the method allows the participants to express themselves freely as the questions in the questionnaires are open-ended. The fact that the participants are allowed the freedom to answer the questions according to how they understand it provides the research with a wide range of data on which to base the results of the study. One of the limitations of qualitative data analysis is the interpretation stage. The method requires an experienced researcher with an ability of coding and decoding the data collected. In this way, the researcher will have an easy time presenting it to the relevant audience. The use of qualitative data analysis leads to the collection of vast amounts of data. The open-ended questions allow the participants to provide a wide range of answers. In the process, the RESEARCH CRITIQUE 4 researcher has to sort through this data and develop relevant conclusions. It is this feature of the method that requires the researcher’s input. Unfortunately, the process opens up an opportunity for the researcher’s bias. A keen analysis of the situation shows that the researcher’s bias has the potential to change the direction of the entire study. In the end, such activities reduce the validity of the study. Results of the Study The key findings in Wong et al. (2017) are the socioeconomic barriers to the treatment access of ARVs. Additionally, it is evident around 40% of clinics in Sub-Saharan Africa lack appropriate HIV/AIDS counseling. In the process, the adolescent suffers the physical and the psychological aspects of the condition. It is also evident education is of great importance to acquire relevant information for the youth in the region. Toth et al. (2018), key findings are based on the financial aspect of the disease. In Sub-Sharan Africa, the governments fund about 13% of the total costs of treating the disease while the rest of the finances come from foreign states and philanthropists. The findings created a better understanding of the issues and lay the ground for the development of a better solution. NRS433V Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

The studies create an awareness of the issues leading to the challenges faced by adolescents and young people in parts of Africa. In the process, all the stakeholders involved will find an answer to the question present in the reasons behind the prevalence of HIV in young people. Irrespective of the vast amount of information available on the matter, statistics show there are increased cases of new infections among the youth. Therefore, finding a solution to the problem will assist the nursing problem in demystifying the social reasons that prevent some African youth from accessing treatment. Additionally, there is a better understanding of the role RESEARCH CRITIQUE 5 the government and other stakeholders can play to reduce the high infection rates among the youth and the adolescents. Outcome Comparison The PICOT question focused on finding a solution to the issue of attitudes towards the society of adolescents diagnosed with HIV. The PICOT anticipated outcome concentrate on producing results that would create an understanding of the role the society played in attitudes the young people have towards the disease. As noted earlier, there is ample information on HIV available that has the potential of changing these attitudes. Unfortunately, the information is not enough as young people still suffer from new infections. The youth and adolescents SubSaharan, for instance, suffer the most from the condition. The PICOT question would create an awareness of the social and economic factors that have led to the prevalence of the disease in the region. In the process, the stakeholders would find a solution that would remedy the situation and protect the lives of young people. The outcomes of the articles are related to their anticipated results in the sense that they focus on the plight of adolescents. The fact that 50% of new infections are found in young people is an indication that there is a lot that needs to be done. Their outcomes, therefore, provide a solution. Additionally, through the PICOT question, there is an anticipation of understanding the social factors that prevent young people from being cautious with regards to sexual behavior. More so, the attitudes of the young people towards societal support once diagnosed with HIV is part of the PICOT question. Therefore, the issue is relevant in the outcome of the articles and the anticipation of the text and creates a better understanding of the situation. Additionally, the issue of new infections among the youth is of interest and requires a solution. The anticipated results and the outcomes thus focus on the issue of the young people and introduce an aspect of RESEARCH CRITIQUE 6 collective responsibility from society. However, there is a dire need to have more sensitization of the issue. References Toth, G., Mburu, G., Tuot, S., Khol, V., Ngin, C., Chhoun, P., & Yi, S. (2018). Social support needs among adolescent living with HIV in the transition from pediatric to adult care in Cambodia: findings from across-sectional study. AIDS research and therapy. Retrieved: https://aidstherapy.biomedcentral/com/articles/10/186/s/2981-08-0195X Wong, V. J., Murray, K. R., Phelps, B. R., Vermund, S. H. & McCarraher, D. R. (2017). Adolescents, young people and the 90-90-90 goals: a call to improve HIV testing and linkage to treatment AIDS. (London, England), 31 Suppl 3) S191. NRS433V Research Critiques and PICOT Statement

Retrieved from: www.aidsmap.com/study-identifies-serious-gaps-in-treatment-and-care-of-HIVpositive-adolescent-in-Sub-Saharan-African/page/3151096 Running head: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Research Critique and Ethical Considerations: Physician Assisted Suicide Name: Lisa Ann Mauro Institutional Affiliation: Grand Canyon University 1 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2 Summary of the Clinical Issue Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) is a medical procedure that is controversial as it involves the voluntary ending of a patient’s life. The aim is to give the patient a decent death and protect them from continual pain and suffering. In the US, numerous states have legalized PAS they include; California, Colorado, Oregon, New Jersey and Hawaii. Research into the issue indicates that 73% of Americans are in support of PAS as of June 2018. A keen analysis of the situation shows that the matter has moral and ethical connotations which raise the controversies surrounding the procedure. The fact that the process involves the ending of a person’s life leads to a variety of psychological impacts that require counselling. The physicians involved for instances have to overcome their professional training and instincts to save lives. The family of the patient, on the other hand, have to come to terms with participating in the death of their loved one. Also, the patients themselves have to have mental challenges in accepting their timely deaths. It is, therefore, of absolute importance to focus on the psychological health of all individuals involved. Irrespective of working under vows to protect the lives of the patients, the physicians involved have a moral obligation of providing the patients with decent deaths. Thus, they have to provide relevant information and moral guidance on the steps involved in the process. PICOT Question How do people view the concept of Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) and what is its psychological impacts on the patients, the physicians and the family members? Literature Review In research conducted by Johnstone (2013) on the issue of the feelings, people have with regards to PAS. There is an indication that it might be misused especially on people with severe QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 3 cares of dementia. The issue is in the fact that such a patient cannot make crucial decisions involving their lives. Additionally, the research focused on the stigma surrounding PAS, especially in patients with chronic mental illnesses. The fact that people with dementia are unable to make a decision increases psychological distress. The patient’s family members and the physicians have to have open communication lines that will lead to thoroughly discussed choices. A keen analysis of the situation by Johnstone (2013) shows that intellectual honesty is of vital importance to the matter. As noted earlier, the issue has a vast amount of complexities that primarily touches on the emotions of the people involved. Therefore, to ensure there is an agreement on the way forward, there is a need for placing importance on the critical understanding of the process. The role of the physician in the process is of critical importance as Kouwenhoren et al. (2013) found out in their research on the matter. There are instances where the physicians make the decisions for the patient, especially if they have psychosocial impacts. However, they have the responsibility of communicating with the patient’s family and assisting them in coming to a decision. The highlight of the matter is the physician’s responsibility for the patient’s health. The fact they are responsible for their lives also makes them accountable for the type of death they have. Kouwenhoren et al. (2013) noted that the role the physicians play in demystifying the concept …