Critique of Quantitative Studies Violence and Nursing Paper

Literature Evaluation Table Student Name: Scan Summary of Clinical Issue (200-250 words): The healthcare sector has been identified to have one of the violent working environment. The emergency departments are particularly the most affected and they are ranked as the areas where one is at the highest risk for such violence. The most common features in this department and the healthcare sector, in general, is violence and aggression. However, violence comprises of a wide array of behaviors from physical assault to non-physical forms of violence including sexual harassment and verbal abuse. The nurses have been identified as healthcare professionals at most risk of patient-related violence. They are often highly exposed to a disparate amount of violence with threatening behavior and a high level of verbal abuse being the most common. It has also been reported by various studies that physical violence has been experienced by about 90% of emergency department nurses in the course of their career with verbal abuse being experienced by almost all the nurses. The most common source of violence is the patients with other sources of violence being relatives and friends that accompany the patient when they are receiving care. Nurses, in most case, feel unsupported by their healthcare organizations with regards to workplace violence. It is, therefore, important to ensure that appropriate measures are put in place to create a safe working environment particularly for nurses working in the emergency department. PICOT Question: In the emergency department, will a establishing as Zero-tolerance code of conduct on violence, as compared to lack of a violence prevention program, minimize the high rate of violence towards nurses in 6 months? P- Patients, relatives and friends visiting the emergency department Intervention- Establishing as Zero-tolerance code of conduct on violence towards nurses Comparison- Lack of a violence prevention program © 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. Outcome- Minimizing the high rate of violence towards nurses Time- 6 months Criteria APAFormatted Article Citation with Permalink How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? Quantitativ e, Qualitative (How do you know?) Critique of Quantitative Studies Violence and Nursing Paper

Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Shafran-Tikva, S., Zelker, R., Stern, Z., & Chinitz, D. (2017). Workplace violence in a tertiary care Israeli hospital a systematic analysis of the types of violence, the perpetrators and hospital departments. Israel Journal Of Health Policy Research, 6(1). doi: 10.1186/s13584017-0168-x https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/artic les/10.1186/s13584-017-0168-x Heshmati-Nabavi, F., HematiEsmaeili, M., Pouresmail, Z., Mazlom, S., & Reihani, H. (2018). Educational and managerial policy making to reduce workplace violence against nurses: An action research study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(6), 478. doi: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_77_17 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC6178581/ Niu, S., Kuo, S., Tsai, H., Kao, C., Traynor, V., & Chou, K. (2019). Prevalence of workplace violent episodes experienced by nurses in acute psychiatric settings. PLOS ONE, 14(1), e0211183. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.021118 3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar ticles/PMC6345477/ The article conducts a systematic analysis on the various forms of violence and the perpetrators of the violence. The study focused on the creation of a program that provides a safe environment for nurses in emergency departments. The study focused on the prevalence of workplace violence, and the strategies adopted to reduce violence towards nurses. The study used a quantitative research design where a quantitative questionnaire was administered to evaluate the incidence of violence. This was a quantitative study, where a participatory action research design was used. It was quantitative study, where a cross-sectional study design was implemented 2 Purpose Statement It was to examine the different forms of violence that nurses and physicians experience as well as the types of perpetrators. What are the different forms of violence that nurses and physicians experience as well as the different types of perpetrators? The results of the study indicated that nurses as twice much more exposed to violence as compared to physicians. The purpose of the study was to establish a workplace violence prevention program to reduce violence towards nurses. What is the level of patient and their family violence against nurses and the major sources of violence in the emergency departments? The findings indicated that a workplace violence prevention program was able to significantly reduce the frequency of verbal violence. Setting (Where did the study take place?) Sample The study was conduct at a university-affiliated medical center in Jerusalem The study was conducted in a hospital in Iran. The study population consisted of 729 nurses and physicians Method Key Findings of the Study Quantitative research method Nurses were more exposed to violence in all the departments as compared to physicians. A positive association between rank and exposure to violence was established. Nurses in the emergency department participated in the participatory action research between October 2012 and May 2014 Quantitative research method A workplace violence prevention program was able to significantly reduce the frequency of verbal violence as well as other forms of violence. Research Question Outcome 3 The purpose of the study was to establish the prevalence of workplace violence, and the strategies adopted to reduce violence towards nurses. What is the prevalence of workplace violence? What are the strategies adopted to reduce violence towards nurses? The study results indicated high rates of both physical and psychological violence, with both being at over 50% Patient protocols, security measures and training were the main strategies adopted by workplaces to reduce prevalence of violence. The study was conducted in various healthcare settings in Northern Taiwan A total of 429 nurses participated in the study Quantitative research method High rates rates of both physical and psychological violence were reported. Patient protocols, security measures and training were the main strategies adopted by workplaces to reduce prevalence of violence. Recommen dations of the Researcher Criteria The researchers recommended policy interventions at all levels to promote violence prevention in healthcare facilities. The implementation of workplace violence prevention program particularly for nurses in the emergency department. Article 4 The study recommended training of healthcare professionals to handle violence, provision of a therapeutic environment and making the reporting process easy. Article 5 Article 6 APAFormatted Article Citation with Permalink Hassankhani, H., Parizad, N., GackiNajafi, F., Fallahi-Khoshknab, M., Ahmadi, F., Smith, J., Rahmani, A., & Dalvandi, A., & Rahgozar, M. (2017). Mohammadi, E. (2018). The Antecedents and consequences of consequences of violence workplace violence against nurses: A against nurses working in the qualitative study. Journal of Clinical emergency department: A Nursing, 27(1-2), e116-e128. doi: qualitative study. International 10.1111/jocn.13884 Emergency Nursing, 39, 20-25. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111 doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2017.07.007 /jocn.13884 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 28882749 Gillespie, G., Gates, D., & Berry, P. (2015). Stressful Incidents of Physical Violence against Emergency Nurses. Critique of Quantitative Studies Violence and Nursing Paper

The Online Journal of Issues In Nursing, 18(1). http://ojin.nursingwor ld.org How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? The study relates to the PICOT question as it explores the experience and perceptions of nurses towards workplace violence perpetrated by patients The study relates to the PICOT question as it tries to establish some of physical acts of violence that are The study addresses on the effects on violence against nurses particularly in the emergency department and how this could consequently affect the quality of care. 4 Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) Purpose Statement The study design was qualitative descriptive design where unstructured in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study use a qualitative exploratory design, where semi-structured interviews were used. The study aimed at providing an understanding of the factors that leads to violence and the consequences of the violence on the nursing staff. The study aimed at providing more knowledge on the underlying consequences of workplace violence for emergency nurses. Research Question What are the experiences and perceptions of nurses towards workplace violence perpetrated by patients, and consequences the violence has on their performance? What are the consequences of workplace violence for emergency nurses? Outcome The study was able to establish inappropriate professional communication, unmet patient’s expectations and inefficient organizational management as the main predisposing factors of workplace violence. The study established that nurses predisposed to mental health issues, physical health issues, and issues of professional integrity as consequences of workplace violence. Setting (Where did the study take place?) Sample The study was conducted in nine hospitals The study was conducted in the emergency departments of five hospitals. 22 registered nurses participated in the study 16 nurses working in the in the emergency departments of five hospitals participated in the study 5 considered stressful by nurses. A qualitative descriptive research design was used for the study. The purpose of the study was described violent acts against emergency nurses that they consider stressful. What are the violent acts against emergency nurses do they consider stressful? The study was able to establish that physical violence was a major issue for emergency nurses during their routine nursing practice. The study was conducted countrywide A random sample of 3000 nurses who members of the Emergency Nurses Association. A Method Qualitative research method Key Findings of the Study The findings of the study indicated that inappropriate professional communication, unmet patient’s expectations and inefficient organizational management as the main predisposing factors of workplace violence. Recommendat ions of the Researcher Qualitative research method The study findings indicated that nurses predisposed to mental health issues, physical health issues, and issues of professional integrity as consequences of workplace violence and this affected their overall productivity. The study recommended the identification of The study recommended the provision the factors leading to workplace violence and of support for the nurses and ensure use them to develop appropriate interventions they have a safe working environment to reduce the violence. as this would improve their overall The study also recommended the development well-being and the quality of care of native instruments that can be used to predict provided. and monitor violence. 6 response rate of 5.9% was recorded from the random sample which was about 177 study participants. Qualitative research method The study findings indicated that physical violence was a major issue for emergency nurses during their routine nursing practice. The recommendations from the study included the development of quick exists for nurses away from violence patients, as well as the developing and consistently enforcing policy interventions that are aimed at preventing violence against nurses at the workplace. REFLECTIONS This assignment involves keeping a journal recording your thoughts, insights, and introspections following each week. In addition, you should examine and discuss your reactions and notions about how the material pertinent to a given week relates to your own past/future work/non-work situations. Each blog entry should have 4 identifiable headings: Summary, Meaningful Ideas, Personal Connecting, Changes. The Summary is where you highlight the themes found in the materials for the week (2 paragraphs). The Meaningful Ideas section is where you highlight two to three thought provoking ideas that emerged from the materials and why you think they are worthy of being highlighted (2 paragraphs). The Personal Connecting Section is where you discuss how the topics can be applied to your professional and/or personal situations (1 paragraph). Lastly, the Changes section is where you highlight at least two SMART (see: http://hr.wayne.edu/leads/phase1/smart-objectives.php) changes you will make. The purpose of this assignment is to let you take a little time once a week to reflect, so as to improve your understanding of yourself and understanding of the course materials. Each paragraph should be 100-200 words in length. The rubric for this assignment can be found here: https://goo.gl/rXCLoY What is Reflective Writing? • Your response to experiences, opinions, events or new information • Your response to thoughts and feelings • A way of thinking to explore your learning • An opportunity to gain self-knowledge • A way to achieve clarity and better understanding of what you are learning • A change to develop and reinforce writing skills • A way of making meaning out of what you study What can I discuss? • Your perceptions of the course and the content. • Experiences, ideas and observations you have had, and how they relate to the course or topic. • What you found confusing, inspiring, difficult, interesting, and why. • Questions you have and conclusions you have drawn. • Critique of Quantitative Studies Violence and Nursing Paper

How you solved a problem, reached a conclusion, found an answer or reached a point of understanding. • Possibilities, speculations, hypotheses or solutions. • Alternative interpretations or different perspectives on what you have read or done in your course. • Comparisons and connections between what you are learning and: o Your prior knowledge and experience; o Your prior assumptions and preconceptions; Information gathered from: http://psolarz.weebly.com/how-to-write-a-reflection.html o What you know from other courses or disciplines. Tips to help you in your reflective writing process: • Think of an interaction, event or episode you experienced that can be connected to the topic • Describe what happened • What was your role? • What feelings and perceptions surrounded the experience? • How would you explain the situation to someone else? • What might this experience mean in the context of your course? • What other perspectives, theories or concepts could be applied to the situation? Information gathered from: http://psolarz.weebly.com/how-to-write-a-reflection.html Running head: VIOLENCE AND NURSING 1 Critique of Quantitative Studies: Violence and Nursing Scan Grand Canyon University Violence and Nursing 2 Critique of Quantitative Studies: Violence and Nursing When it comes to the immediate needs of healthcare workers, a workplace that is free of violence is bound to be the last item on an individual’s mind. After all, it is not generally expected that healthcare workers, including nurses, to be facing constant violence. However, though healthcare settings are perceived as relatively safe spaces, violence is a concerningly predominant within these spaces. To effectively tackle this problem, it is imperative to make the issue overt and explicit. It is also important to understand why this problem manifests, who it affects, and what are the effects that it can have on the individual. In this paper, two quantitative studies will be evaluated for the insight that they can provide regarding these questions. Specifically, “Workplace Violence in a Tertiary Care Israeli Hospital – A Systematic Analysis of The Types of Violence, The Perpetrators and Hospital Departments” and “Prevalence Of Workplace Violent Episodes Experienced by Nurses in Acute Psychiatric Settings”, two peerreviewed articles that tackle this issue, carried out by different and independent teams, some of the nuances of this matter are explored. These studies show that violence is a recurring issue in healthcare setting, that targets nurses, and that the systems in place to mitigate its prevalence are not always functional. As such, it is imperative to ensure that healthcare facilities have the proper processes in place to fight against this problem. Background of Studies The two studies that were chosen for this analysis respond to the same need – the prevalence of violence within healthcare facilities, targeted particularly at healthcare workers, especially nurses. Offering a general exploration of this paradigm, the literature review that precedes the study by (Shafran-Tikva, et al.), for instance, it is made clear that the problem of Violence and Nursing 3 violence directed at healthcare workers has been so pervasive to warrant studies in overt 60 countries. Furthermore, they recognize that the violence can change depending on the setting, with some individuals being at higher risk than others. The work of (Niu, et al), which is more directly targeted at the violence affects nurses, offers a bit more depth to this particular manifestation of violence. In their literature review, as well, they include information that is more specifically tailored towards nurses, as their own distinct category. In their exploration of this background, they include three vital components for their paper: the source of the violence that nurses face (from colleagues and patients), the possible reasons for this violence (the direct and constant interactions that nurses have with their patients), and the different factors that can lead to their occurrence. One of the factors outlined is environment, as the researchers chose to focus on one particular type of medical facility – psychiatric hospitals. The authors also make it evident that the reason was also motivated by the lack of existent research into that kind of specialized facility. Methods Quantitative Study The specifics in the methodologies of the two texts will be discussed further. In (Niu, et al.)’s article, “a cross-sectional study was performed to determine the prevalence of workplace violence, the reaction of victims, and workplace strategies of acute psychiatric settings in Northern Taiwan” (2019). The study features a sample size of 430 full-time registered nurses who work full-time in one of the acute psychiatric facilities available in the region. The selected participants would take a standardize questionnaire, the Workplace Violence Survey Questionnaire, with the aid of an expert would ensure that the information reach the researchers Violence and Nursing 4 in the appropriate ethical conditions. The results of the questionnaire would be then analyzed by the team of researchers. In (Shafran-Tikva, et al.) a questionnaire is also utilized for the collection of data. Their sample did not just include nurses, but physicians, as well; the healthcare professionals selected were “from the departments of internal medicine, surgery, oncology, intensive care, ambulatory care and clinics, and the department of emergency medicine” (2017). The questionnaire was anonymous. Results of Studies Quantitative Results The two studies showed that violence against healthcare practitioners is a problem within their selected areas. Starting with (Shafran-Tikva, et al.), which explores more broadly the subject of violence in healthcare by its shared focus on nurses and physicians, the results of the study showed that, as in other locations, the hospital selected demonstrated to have a problem with violence. Out of all their respondents, at least 58% claimed to have experienced some form of violence within the last six months (2017). The study also showed, though, that t …