DQ: Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease

DQ: Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease

What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.

Shana Fogelman
Posted Date
Jan 6, 2022, 3:06 PM
Replies to Shana Fogelman
Social determinants of health include biological, environmental, social, and economic factors that influence the access and maintenance of health (Green, 2018). For example, those living in low socioeconomic areas may not have the resources to obtain fresh food and will oftentimes rely on fast food chains. According to a study posted by the American Journal of Public Health (2012), low-income areas had 2.5 times more fast-food chains than those living in more affluent areas. As a result of this many minorities living in low-income areas have a great risk of obesity and comorbidities such as type II diabetes and hypertension. While the study done by the American Journal of Public Health was more than five years ago, the results of their study continue to be prevalent as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) states children and adolescents are more likely to be obese than their higher-income counterparts. This is an example of how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. The child who has grown up with a poor diet is less likely to change their diet habits as adults resulting in fatal health conditions.
Social determinants also contribute to the spread of communicable diseases due to crowding, sanitization, uncontaminated water, and access to health care (Green,2018). The infectious disease process of communicable diseases is represented by the chain model also known as the chain of infection. The chain of infection begins with the infectious organism and describes how the organism reproduces and spreads through contact, droplets, or surfaces (Green,2018). As the nurse taking care of an individual with a communicable disease the simplest and most effective form of breaking the chain is by proper hand-washing. The nurse can also contribute to the stop of the chain by wiping down surfaces with the proper cleaning agents, placing the appropriate PPE outside of the patient’s room, and clustering care to avoid excessive time inside of the patient’s room. All of these interventions contribute to the stop of the transmission phase of the chain model.

Reference:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). About Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). https://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/about.html

Green, S. Z. (2018). Community & Public Health: The Future of Health Care. Retrieved from
https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-
care/v1.1/#/chapter/2

Hilmers, A., Hilmers, D. C., & Dave, J. (2012). Neighborhood disparities in access to healthy
foods and their effects on environmental justice. American journal of public
health, 102(9), 1644–1654. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300865
•
Brandie Beck
replied toShana Fogelman
Jan 6, 2022, 3:46 PM
• Replies to Shana Fogelman
Hi Shana, great post this week! ” The core components to health require quality and quantity health care information, services, programs, and facilities for every person despite age, sex, location, and socioeconomic status (WHO, 2017b).” (Green, 2018) SDOH is important because it determines the over health of an individual or population. Because of this we need to be sure health care information is provided, services, programs and facilities are available for all locations and no matter the socioeconomic status as well. Another way a nurse can break the chain of infection could be to wear the proper PPE and knowing how to put on and off the equipment when coming out of a room.
Resources
Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/

• Anita Muric
replied toShana Fogelman
Jan 8, 2022, 2:22 PM
• Replies to Shana Fogelman
Hi Shana, I agree with you on keeping the environment clean by wiping down surfaces, washing hands, and clustering care in order to

break the chain of within the communicable disease. According to Infection prevention and you, approximately 1 in 31 people die each year with infections. Many of those infection could have been prevented by proper infection practices such as, cleaning hands and making sure that everyone that takes care of the patient cleans their hands, if patient sis scheduled for surgery ask if they should shower with a germ killing soap ahead of time, instruct patients to take their medications as directed, especially when it comes to antibiotics, cover sneezes and coughs, implementing safe injection practices ( Infection Prevention and You, n.d.).
Infection Prevention and You (n.d.). Infection Prevention Basics. Infection Prevention Basics | infectionpreventionandyou.org

Social determinants of health are “conditions contributing or hindering a person’s well-being” such as “where people are born, grow, live, play, learn, worship, work, and age” and “affect a person’s ability to have and maintain good health” (Grand Canyon University, 2018). These can include health disparities which impair good health, such as poverty and lack of resources, poor nutrition, lack of housing. One example of a disparity, poor sanitation can contribute to the development of disease by promoting environments that contain more contact with pathogens.
The chain of infection represents that communicable diseases are cyclical and go through different phases of their lifespan. A nurse’s role within the communicable disease chain is to prevent pathogens from exiting their hosts and transmitting to other susceptible hosts in the hospital environment. Breaking the chain of infection by interrupting the method of transmission or portal of entry are conceptually among a nurse’s responsibilities. Transmission can include direct contact between two hosts, or indirect contact where the pathogen is in the air first or lands on medical equipment or ends up in another person’s surgical wound (Grand Canyon University, n.d.); the nurse can prevent this from happening by adhering to hospital policies, keeping wounds covered to prevent infection, cleaning ports on IVs with alcohol, and educating patients. They can also prevent communicable diseases from entering the environment by encouraging hygiene and following policies.

References

Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/

Grand Canyon University. (n.d.). Chain of Infection. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nsg403c/chain-of-infection/chain-of-infection-v1.1.html
•
Brandie Beck
replied toJudy Han
Jan 6, 2022, 3:53 PM
• Replies to Judy Han
Hi Judy, great post this week! “Socioeconomic environmental factors contributing to disease occurrence include crowding, sanitization, availability of uncontaminated foods and water, and access to health care.”(Green, 2018) The idea of clean living, getting enough rest and sleep, healthy foods and clean water as well as clean air were focuses of florence nightingale’s vision to promote healthier living and reduce the amount of deaths. All that we still follow to this day which help prevent diseases.
Resources
Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Community & public health: The future of health care. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/community-and-public-health-the-future-of-health-care/v1.1/
• Shana Fogelman
replied toJudy Han
Jan 8, 2022, 9:39 PM
• Replies to Judy Han
Great post Judy!
I agree that it is a huge part of our jobs as nurses to break the chain of infection to protect our patients from acquiring communicable diseases, or any other type of infection that may hinder their health and thus keep them from discharge. As clinical care staff and other health care workers, we are the frontline defense for applying daily infection control practices to prevent infections and transmission of organisms to other patients. At my hospital we talk about hospital acquired infections a lot and how nurses have the unique opportunity to directly reduce health care–associated infections through recognizing and applying evidence-based procedures to prevent HAIs among patients and protecting the health of the staff. “Clinical care nurses directly prevent infections by performing, monitoring, and assuring compliance with aseptic work practices; providing knowledgeable collaborative oversight on environmental decontamination to prevent transmission of microorganisms from patient to patient; and serve as the primary resource to identify and refer ill visitors or staff” (Collins, 2018). I also love that you listed the ways that as nurses we can help prevent the transmission such as: adhering to hospital policies, keeping wounds covered to prevent infection, cleaning ports on IVs with alcohol, and educating patients. All of these things I believe are key to our jobs, and at this point have become second nature for us to do.
Collins AS. Preventing Health Care–Associated Infections. In: Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Apr. Chapter 41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2683/
• Sharon Dube
replied toJudy Han
Jan 9, 2022, 11:51 PM
• Replies to Judy Han
Great post. Through standard precautions which include sanitizing and sterilizing equipment, meticulous hand washing using soap and water, use of hand sanitizers, use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks and goggles it is possible to stop the spread of infections. Transmission based precautions involve measures to prevent the spread of an identified infectious organism which may be contact precautions for example clostridium difficile, airborne precautions for infections such as Tuberculosis, droplet precautions for SARS or influenza. Isolation may be done also be done for patients using aerosol generating equipment such as bipap machines.
Reference
Wyoming department of health. 2017. Infection prevention and control. Orientation manual section 7. www.health.wyo.gov/publichealth/infectious-disease-control
Margaret Kamara
Posted Date
Jan 6, 2022, 12:07 AM
Replies to Shana Fogelman
Hello,
Green (2018) defines social determinants of health (SDH) as conditions that contribute to or hinder a person’s well-being. They include neighborhood & built environment, health & health care, social & community factors, education, and economic stability (Healthy People, 2020). These are conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age (Healthy People, 2020; World Health Organization, n.d.).
SDHs affect disease development because health starts from where we are born, grow, live, work, and age. The access to health care services, quality of education, environment cleanliness, and the nature of our social interactions influence our health and quality of life (Cockerham et al., 2017). If our homes, neighborhoods, and communities are not clean, the rate of infectious diseases is high. People in a community with poor access to quality health care are affected by high morbidity and mortality rates. Poverty will determine a person’s ability to afford healthcare services that will inhibit the progression of the disease process (Cockerham et al., 2017). Health literacy affects people’s self-efficacy and perceived ability to make health-promoting behavior.

The chain of infection refers to the components and processes required for disease transmission (Green, 2018). A disease will transmit if the chain is uninterrupted throughout the points of the process. The agent (organism) lives in a reservoir or environment compatible with continued live existence. A portal of exit must be present for the agent to escape the reservoir, which can be through fecal matter, blood, mucus, or body fluid like saliva, as is the case of the COVID-19 virus. For the agent to transmit to another reservoir, a mode of transmission must exist to allow the agent to travel to the next host. This mode can be through direct or indirect contact, ingestion, or inhalation. The agent gets to the host through a portal of entry: the skin, mucous membranes, or body orifices like the nose, mouth, or urethra. The host is the last point of the chain who must be susceptible to the agent’s pathogenicity (ability to cause a disease or health condition).

A nurse can educate health care consumers on their environment to serve as a reservoir for the agent. For instance, with the COVID-19, nurses can teach consumers proper hand hygiene and cleaning of surfaces to break the chain of infection. Consumers can be educated on how to cough and sneeze while covering their nose and mouths to break the transmission mode. Nurses can apply the nursing process to assess patients on their susceptibility to certain infectious diseases. The assessment will allow the nurses to develop action plans that help the patient mitigate their risk. For instance, older adults should eat healthy to protect the bodies from the agent’s pathogenicity.

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

Welcome to class

Hello class and welcome to the class and I will be your instructor for this course. This is a -week course and requires a lot of time commitment, organization, and a high level of dedication. Please use the class syllabus to guide you through all the assignments required for the course. I have also attached the classroom policies to this announcement to know your expectations for this course. Please review this document carefully and ask me any questions if you do. You could email me at any time or send me a message via the “message” icon in halo if you need to contact me. I check my email regularly, so you should get a response within 24 hours. If you have not heard from me within 24 hours and need to contact me urgently, please send a follow up text to

I strongly encourage that you do not wait until the very last minute to complete your assignments. Your assignments in weeks 4 and 5 require early planning as you would need to present a teaching plan and interview a community health provider. I advise you look at the requirements for these assignments at the beginning of the course and plan accordingly. I have posted the YouTube link that explains all the class assignments in detail. It is required that you watch this 32-minute video as the assignments from week 3 through 5 require that you follow the instructions to the letter to succeed. Failure to complete these assignments according to instructions might lead to a zero. After watching the video, please schedule a one-on-one with me to discuss your topic for your project by the second week of class. Use this link to schedule a 15-minute session. Please, call me at the time of your appointment on my number. Please note that I will NOT call you.

Please, be advised I do NOT accept any assignments by email. If you are having technical issues with uploading an assignment, contact the technical department and inform me of the issue. If you have any issues that would prevent you from getting your assignments to me by the deadline, please inform me to request a possible extension. Note that working fulltime or overtime is no excuse for late assignments. There is a 5%-point deduction for every day your assignment is late. This only applies to approved extensions. Late assignments will not be accepted.

If you think you would be needing accommodations due to any reasons, please contact the appropriate department to request accommodations.

Plagiarism is highly prohibited. Please ensure you are citing your sources correctly using APA 7th edition. All assignments including discussion posts should be formatted in APA with the appropriate spacing, font, margin, and indents. Any papers not well formatted would be returned back to you, hence, I advise you review APA formatting style. I have attached a sample paper in APA format and will also post sample discussion responses in subsequent announcements.

Your initial discussion post should be a minimum of 200 words and response posts should be a minimum of 150 words. Be advised that I grade based on quality and not necessarily the number of words you post. A minimum of TWO references should be used for your initial post. For your response post, you do not need references as personal experiences would count as response posts. If you however cite anything from the literature for your response post, it is required that you cite your reference. You should include a minimum of THREE references for papers in this course. Please note that references should be no more than 5 years old except recommended as a resource for the class. Furthermore, for each discussion board question, you need ONE initial substantive response and TWO substantive responses to either your classmates or your instructor for a total of THREE responses. There are TWO discussion questions each week, hence, you need a total minimum of SIX discussion posts for each week. I usually post a discussion question each week. You could also respond to these as it would count towards your required SIX discussion posts for the week.

I understand this is a lot of information to cover in 5 weeks, however, the Bible says in Philippians 4:13 that we can do all things through Christ that strengthens us. Even in times like this, we are encouraged by God’s word that we have that ability in us to succeed with His strength. I pray that each and every one of you receives strength for this course and life generally as we navigate through this pandemic that is shaking our world today. Relax and enjoy the course!

Hi Class,

Please read through the following information on writing a Discussion question response and participation posts.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Important information on Writing a Discussion Question

• Your response needs to be a minimum of 150 words (not including your list of references)
• There needs to be at least TWO references with ONE being a peer reviewed professional journal article.
• Include in-text citations in your response
• Do not include quotes—instead summarize and paraphrase the information
• Follow APA-7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

Participation –replies to your classmates or instructor

• A minimum of 6 responses per week, on at least 3 days of the week.
• Each response needs at least ONE reference with citations—best if it is a peer reviewed journal article
• Each response needs to be at least 75 words in length (does not include your list of references)
• Responses need to be substantive by bringing information to the discussion or further enhance the discussion. Responses of “I agree” or “great post” does not count for the word count.
• Follow APA 7th edition
• Points will be deducted if the above is not followed

• Remember to use and follow APA-7th edition for all weekly assignments, discussion questions, and participation points.
• Here are some helpful links
• The is a great resource