Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases Discussion HW

RUNNIGN HEAD: Week 4 discussion questions Taymir Torres Nursing Department BSN Program Community Nursing Sep 23, 2019 Prof. Eddie Cruz, RN MSN Florida National University Week 4 discussion questions 1. The model proposed by , is one of the most predominant models in the promotion of health in nursing; according to this model, the determinants of health promotion and lifestyles, are divided into cognitive-perceptual factors, understood as those conceptions, beliefs, ideas that people have about health that lead them or induce certain behaviors or behaviors, which in the case at hand, are related to decisionmaking or behaviors that favor health. Modifying these factors, and the motivation to perform such behavior leads people to a highly positive state called health (Chan, 2018). This model gives importance to culture, understood as the set of knowledge and experiences acquired over time, which is learned and transmitted from one generation to another. Pender’s health promotion model is based on three theories of behavior change, influenced by Reasoned Action, Action Raised, and Social-Cognitive Theory (Chan, 2018). According to Chang (2018) “The Health Belief Model is composed of the perceived susceptibility, the perceived severity, the perceived benefits, and the perceived barriers are the dimensions of the Health Belief Model” . The perceived susceptibility to a particular health problem is an important dimension that assesses how the subjects vary in the perception of their own vulnerability to get sick, from the person who denies any possibility of contracting a disease, through which he admits the possibility “statistics” that a health problem occurs but does not consider the real possibility that it may occur, even the person who expresses his conviction of being in specific danger of contracting a disease. Thus, this dimension refers fundamentally to Week 4 discussion questions the subjective perception that each human being has about the risk of falling ill (Chan, 2018). The perceived severity refers to beliefs about the seriousness of contracting a specific disease or leaving it untreated once contracted and it is a dimension that contemplates two types of consequences of health loss, on another hand, the medicalclinical repercussions (such as death, disability or pain) (Chan, 2018). Prochaska and DiClemente are the precursors of Transtheoretical Theory, this approach refers that behaviors in human beings have certain or standardized patterns. These behaviors are reflected in the treatment follow-up and in daily life. All behavior is alternating, which is why they called it the stages of change (Chan, 2018). This model was initially used to predict smoking cessation in smokers. However, in recent years, the model has been becoming consistent and has been applied in a wide spectrum of behavioral changes: decreased risk practices for HIV infection, physical exercise, healthy diet, etc. The Transtheoretical Model determines behavior change in relation to 5 process states: Precontemplation; Contemplation; Preparation; Action; and Maintenance (Chan, 2018). Theory of Reasoned Action originally based on Ajzen and Fishbein, this theory explains that the most significant determinant of behavior is the intention or purpose of an individual’s behavior. Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases Discussion HW

It is suggested that the individual is more likely to execute an action if he wishes to have a result (Chan, 2018). 2. Week 4 discussion questions The conception of health in Pender’s perspective, part of a highly positive, comprehensive and humanistic component, takes the person as an integral being, analyzes people’s lifestyles, strengths, resilience, potentialities, and abilities. In making decisions regarding their health and their life. The perceived benefits of the action or the expected results provide motivation to acquire a health promotion behavior, in which priority is given to behavioral benefits, highlighting this behavior among other people, so that they can imitate it (Chan, 2018). For Ajzen and Fishbein (Chan, 2018), health is a positive concept that emphasizes social and personal resources, along with physical abilities. Besides, he is a mediator and integrator among the sciences and disciplines committed to social, economic, political, and environmental improvement in general. It is a long-term investment that avoids higher economic, social and health costs in terms of a better quality of life (Chan, 2018) . 3. Ethnic diversity is the coexistence of the various races that exist around the world and that differ in skin color, language or customs. In the United States, there are many ethnic peoples or groups throughout the country that have their own traditions, customs, languages, even if they share territory with other cultures (Akaliyski, 2018). Most Americans are committed to ethnic diversity in the United States and believe that a more diverse workforce will contribute to economic growth in the country, Americans tend to believe that the country’s growing cultural diversity offers more opportunities than challenges (Akaliyski, 2018). Week 4 discussion questions More than 7 in 10 Americans, or 71% of respondents, support measures are taken to reduce racial and ethnic inequalities in the United States through increased investments in areas such as education, job training, and infrastructure improvements, only 27% expressed opposition to such measures (Akaliyski, 2018). 4. From an ecological perspective, diseases can have environmental origins, which integrate elements such as water, air, and earth. These elements are contributors to the growth of food and life itself on the planet, therefore, when there is alteration in any of these elements, the mechanisms, lives, and surrounding ecosystems are affected (Irawan, 2017). Regarding food, the relationship between nutrition and disease has been studied from different approaches, concluding that food has a direct relationship with the increase in risk factors for protective health of living beings. This concept includes animals and human beings. Therefore, the worse the quality of food, the greater the chances of getting sick (Irawan, 2017). A large number of different viruses infect man and animals and are excreted to the environment through feces and urine, causing various diseases such as meningitis, some types of paralysis, respiratory diseases, diarrhea and vomiting, myocarditis, congenital anomalies of heart, hepatitis, eye infections and, according to recent data, could also be related to various types of cancer (Irawan, 2017). Week 4 discussion questions References Akaliyski, P. (2018). United in Diversity? The Consolidation of Cultural Values among EU . doi: 10.31235/osf.io/b4p79 Chan, E. Y. Y. (2018). Health promotion planning approaches, human behavioural change models, and health promotion theories. Oxford Medicine Online. doi: 10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0003 Irawan. (2017). Relationship between water quality, sanitation quality, and food security to public health. doi: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-earth.cl1nacw.v1 RUNNIGN HEAD: Week 4 discussion questions Maria Lazarte Florida National University Nursing Department BSN Program Community Nursing Sep 23, 2019 Prof. Eddie Cruz, RN MSN Week 4 discussion questions Discuss various theories of health promotion, including Pender’s Health Promotion Model, the Health Belief Model, the Transtheoretical Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action. This theory identifies in the individual cognitive-perceptual factors that are modified by situational, personal, and interpersonal characteristics, which results in participation in health-promoting behaviors when there is a guideline for action. The health promotion model serves to identify relevant concepts about health promotion behaviors and to integrate research findings in such a way as to facilitate the generation of affordable hypotheses. This theory continues to be refined and expanded in terms of its ability to explain the relationships between the factors believed to influence changes in health behavior. The model is based on the education of people on how to take care of themselves and lead a healthy life (Ajesh & Chandran, 2017). This model proposes to promote an optimal state of health was an objective that should take precedence over preventive actions. This was constituted as a novelty because it identified the factors that had influenced the decision making and the steps taken to prevent the disease. Besides, it determined that the perceptual, cognitive factors of individuals are modified by situational, personal, and interpersonal conditions, which results in participation in health-promoting behaviors when there is a guideline for action (Ajesh & Chandran, 2017). Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases Discussion HW

The essential components of the Health Belief Model are derived from the hypothesis (proposed by different theoretical approaches and fully assumed by Lewin and his followers) that the behavior of individuals rests primarily on two variables: a) the value attributed by the subject to a particular goal and b) the estimate that this subject Week 4 discussion questions makes of the probability that a given action will reach that goal. If we circumscribe these variables strictly to the field of health, as Maiman and Becker have done (Jeong & Ham, 2018), we could translate them into the following terms: a) the desire to avoid the disease (or if you are sick, of recover health) and b) the belief that a specific healthy behavior can prevent the disease (or if you are sick, the belief that a particular behavior can increase the likelihood of regaining health.) ( Jeong, J., & Ham, 2018). According to its initiators, Miller, and Rollnick Transtheoretical Theory, it is a way to help people to recognize and deal with their potential and present problems. It is based on the Transtheoretical Theory of behavior change by Prochaska and DiClemente (1994) and the concept of change for the reconstruction of health conditions. The starting point is the premise that change is not an isolated event, but a process and that the learning process must respect the natural ways of knowing and managing the individual’s environment. This model is composed of two dimensions: the stages and the processes of change. The stages of change refer to the temporal, motivational and constancy of the change; while the processes of change are those activities that take place between the stages (Prochaska & Diclemente, 2015). According to this theory, interventions should be designed in a way that includes the culture, family structure, abilities, and stages of the development of the child and his caregiver. They should also focus on the benefit and well-being of patients. Motivational Interview is an intervention technique that encompasses all these characteristics and has been used successfully to promote the Transtheoretical Theory (Prochaska & Diclemente, 2015). Discuss at least two definitions of health. Week 4 discussion questions From the perspective of Duncan, Regan, and Chaix, (2018), health can be understood as the harmonious state in the balance of people’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. There are different degrees of health. First some people are healthy and are not afflicted with diseases; Second, people who are in a limbo of wellbeing, because they are not affected by the disease but neither enjoy health; and third, people who are in a state of physical and psychological-emotional vulnerability due to diseases. However, people in their daily lives and through their lives, move between the three states, sometimes improving, sometimes getting worse. Finally, these authors indicate that avalanches are a harmonious interaction, which is functional for humans and the environment. It allows them to understand the dialectic between health and disease (Duncan, Regan, & Chaix, 2018). For Purnell (2013), health is a concept that depends on people’s beliefs. It indicates that each culture develops concepts about well-being, balance, and disease. So the idea of health cannot be limited by health professionals, the health system, or service providers. It is essential to highlight that for this author; health identifiers are associated with individual and community well-being, that is, depending on each culture, the concept of health may vary. Critically analyze racial and cultural diversity in the United States. Cultural and linguistic diversity is sustained by its practices, by the communication of tradition and by the pride that each person feels for their roots and their language. Preserving native languages is protecting the people who speak them. At present, the government has tried to implement actions for the protection, explanation, Week 4 discussion questions and strengthening of ethnolinguistic diversity, to generate a sense of appropriation by the American society, through scenarios that allow making known and made visible the languages Native Indian, Creole and Roma. These actions have pedagogical, visibility, inclusion, and linguistic revitalization components (Masuoka, 2017). On the other hand, a great representation of the country’s multiculturalism is evidenced through the music that is heard there. From pop and rock to jazz and rhythm and blues, the United States of America has the second-largest market in the music industry in the world (Masuoka, 2017). Describe the importance of air, water and food quality as a determinant of health. Environmental Medicine is a medical discipline that studies and treats diseases caused by environmental pollution, both that generated by industries and pesticides in the ‘external’ air, as well as that of ‘internal’ air, that is, that of homes, work and even the food or drink we consume – pesticides, chemical additives in food, cleaning products, cosmetics, softeners, radiations emitted by telephone antennas or wireless devices, etc. (Irawan, 2017). This discipline considers that the contamination of the air, water, food or drink that we consume, in short, the closest environment in which we live, is leading the body to increase its toxic load producing an exponential increase in the number of diseases. Precisely, the ecological problems today constitute one of the most common moral challenges. The threat to the health of the planet and the world population are serious issues, especially in the case of the poorest and most vulnerable communities. Changes in water, soil, air, and radiation can be a cause of disease and biological, even Week 4 discussion questions genetic, changes. Hence, it is necessary to look for the reasons in pesticides, heavy metals, fungi, endocrine interference, microparticles, formaldehyde, among others, that may be affecting the most vulnerable populations (Irawan, 2017). References Ajesh, & Chandran. (2017). Chapter-24 Nola J Pender: Health Promotion Model. Application of Nursing Theories,202-209. doi:10.5005/jp/books/13072_25 Duncan, D. T., Regan, S. D., & Chaix, B. (2018). Definitions in Health Research. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0002 Irawan, D. E. (2017). Relationship between water quality, sanitation quality, and food security to public health. doi:10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-earth.cl1nacw.v1 Jeong, J., & Ham, S. (2018). Health Belief Model Surve y. PsycTESTS Dataset. doi:10.1037/t67653-000 Masuoka, N. (2017). Multiracial Identity and Racial Politics in the United States. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190657468.001.0001 Prochaska, J. O., & Diclemente, C. C. (2015). The Transtheoretical Theory. Oxford Clinical Psychology. doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195165791.003.0007 …