NRS 433V Handwashing Paper

Literature Evaluation Table Student Name: Summary of Clinical Issue (200-250 words): In hospitals among other health care facilities, observing hand hygiene especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic is vital in minimizing transmission of the virus from one host to another. Prevention of a significant number of bacterial or viral diseases starts with the minimum requirement of hand hygiene. When nurses, patients and other visitors ignore hand washing guideline then they would be subjecting to huge risks of contracting diseases. To avoid such instances, it is important for nurses ensure they observe high-level hand hygiene considering they are always at the forefront in any health care setting. They should equally ensure the patients maintain high-level hygiene. In doing so, the victory against disease-causing microorganism will be achieved. Health care practitioners should ensure that they observe hand washing hygiene at all times but especially prior touching a patient, prior aseptic/clean procedure, upon handling a patient and upon being in contact with the patient’s surrounding. It is the duty of the health care agency (assisted by patients, visitors and nurses) to implement measures that enable them stick to the guidelines that uphold a safety environment on matters hygiene. This involves implementation of running water taps throughout the facility and washing soap, as well as ensuring specific entry points are fitted with automated alcohol-based hand sanitizers to disinfect hands instantly. This statement thus offers the grounds for formulating out PICOT question as follows. © 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved. PICOT Question: Does fitting health care facilities with alcohol-based hand sanitizers and hand washing sections (C) automatically help in curbing rampant spread of infection (O) or does it require additional awareness campaign (I) to health care professionals, patients and other visitors (P) on the importance of hand hygiene? Criteria Article 1 APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink Zhao, Q., Yang, M. M., Huang, Y., Article 2 Diefenbacher, S., Fliss, P., Article 3 Cho, S., Lee, J., You, S. J., Song, & Chen, W. (2018). How to Tatzel, J., Wenk, J., & K. J., & Hong, K. J. make hand hygiene Keller, J. (2019). A quasi- (2019). NRS 433V Handwashing Paper

Nurse staffing, interventions more attractive randomized controlled nurse’s prioritization, to nurses: A discrete choice before-after study using missed care, quality of experiment. Plos One, 13(8). performance feedback and nursing care, and nurse goal setting as elements of outcomes. International hand hygiene promotion. Journal of Nursing Journal of Hospital Practice, 26(1). Infection, 101(4), 399-407. DOI:10.1111/ijn.12803 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0202014 Permalink: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.02.001 Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12803 article?id=10.1371/journal. Pone. Permalink: 0202014 https://www.sciencedirect.com/ 2 science/article/abs/pii/S01956701 19300593 How Does the Article Since the article sought to better Relate to the PICOT comprehend the intervention Question? features considered attractive to Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) Since the article focuses on the This article relates to the current experiences of utilizing goal PICOT question in that it settings and performance examines nurses’ priorities in nursing practitioners towards feedback as aspects of promotion service quality and care cases. realizing operational hand hygiene of hand hygiene, it relates with This is in correlation with interventions, it significantly the current PICOT question in PICOT question especially on relates with the present PICOT dealing with hand washing matters safety and care when it question initiatives by promoting hand comes to hand washing hygiene activities. The reached study is quantitative The article is quantitative since This article is quantitative in because controlled intervention the authors used a quantitative nature since the researchers strategy has been employed. strategy (controlled intervention consider investigating the method). outcome based on an intervention of sampled participants. Purpose Statement The study’s purpose serves to The study sought to better The study sought to examine the understand interventional features aptitude of performance feedback examine the association of nurse considered attractive to and goal setting towards 3 staffing, the prioritization of Research Question practitioners in nursing profession enhancing hand hygiene among nursing duties by nurses, nursing so as to come up with competent health care practitioners and care quality, missed care, and hand hygiene interventions. patients. nurse outcomes. What measures should be put in The main research questions The central research question place to ensure that hand hygiene included: a) is there a key role asked “what is the association interventions remain quite played by hand hygiene towards between the relationship of attractive to nursing practitioners? preventing possible infection? b) nurses and their nursing care What is the perception of prioritization with the role of healthcare practitioners towards hand-washing? the performance of hand hygiene? Outcome Out of the 200 participants from The study outcome indicated key The outcome of the study the three hospitals, key increments in the events of hand indicated an association of predilections for the five hygiene individually from phase1 inferior staffing with high intervention features were seen to phase 2. Besides, there was frequency of missed activities by descriptive increment in hand nurses hygiene events using the goalsetting condition Setting (Where did the study take place?) Three public hospitals in Taiwan The study was carried out at a The study setting was in the German hospital republic of South Korea, with a 4 total of 49 public hospitals being included Sample 200 nurses from three hospitals in The sample involved four phases: The researchers sampled a total Taiwan primary count, baseline, of 2114 staff nurses from a total intervention as well as post- of 49 public hospitals intervention Method A discrete choice experiment was The methodology strategy The overall method of the study considered in determining the considered was a controlled involved a cross-sectional survey preferences of nurses for the 5 intervention approach characteristics Key Findings of the Study From the study sample in the three The results portrayed how The study findings indicated the hospitals, key predilections for the combined feedback condition need of satisfactory staffing in five intervention features were and goal setting in a health care lessening missed care and seen. These included where setting managed to increase enhancing nurse outcomes and intervention increased the during phase 3, indicating quality of care convenience of the hand hygiene increment in hand hygiene during activity, participation of nurses in this stage designing the interventions, explaining an intervention prior being implemented. Besides, nurses opted to offer proof at trial phases, while increasing simplicity by 5 explaining the intervention was considered the least. Recommendations of the Researcher This study recommends that future The researchers offered the The recommendations offered researchers offer a comparison of recommendation of future here is that future researchers the characteristics of intervention scholars to combine orientation, ought to devise various methods preferences across various types of goal setting, feedback of data gathering rather than health care workers, especially by considerations, and ecological simply using one method considering various socio- conditions as the key techniques demographic factors, or other to enhance hand hygiene nations Criteria Article 4 APA-Formatted Jones, M., Gower, S., Whitfield, Article Citation with A., & Thomas, S. (2015). Permalink Evaluation of practice Article 5 White, K. M., Jimmieson, N. L., Article 6 Salmon, S., & McLaws, M. L. Obst, P. L., Graves, N., (2015). Qualitative findings Barnett, A., NRS 433V Handwashing Paper

Cockshaw, W., from focus group change in Tanzanian health Gee, P., Haneman, L., discussions on hand professionals 12 months Page, K., Campbell, M., hygiene compliance among after participation in an Martin, E., & Paterson, D. health care workers in Infection Prevention and (2015). Using a theory of Vietnam. American journal Management planned behaviour of infection control, 43(10), Course. Journal of framework to explore hand 1086–1091. 6 infection prevention, 16(5), hygiene beliefs at the ‘5 Permalink: 200–206. critical moments’ among https://www.ajicjournal.org/article/ Permalink: Australian hospital-based SO196-6553(15)00652-5/full text https://doi.org/10.1177/17571774 nurses. BMC health 15584452 services research, 15, 59. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913015-07182 How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question? The findings of the study mention The results of the study offer the This study relates to the current hand hygiene among the basic but compliance level of health care PICOT question in that the results most effective infection control workers, on hand hygiene, thus offer practical solutions on how to practices becoming key input in the deal with hand hygiene issues and the present PICOT question likelihood of health care providers to adhere to hygiene guidelines Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?) This article uses qualitative Qualitative research approach The researcher uses qualitative exploratory research approach was using on the focus group analysis on this study. discussions. Purpose Statement The researchers examined the The study purpose was to This study sought to evaluate the enablers and barriers to evaluate the beliefs of hospital- hindrances to effective hand implementing knowledge resulting based nurses concerning the from clinical practices of hand adherence to WHO’s guidelines hygiene 7 hygiene among health care workers in Vietnam Research Question How effective is the classroom The primary research question The central research questions knowledge on hand hygiene in was as follows: “are all 5- asked “what is your understanding implementing effective hand different hand washing moments of infection control guidelines, hygiene in clinical setting? equally significant or does particularly hand hygiene? importance vary with time?” Outcome There were positive results in The results indicated some The general outcome of the study infection control activities equivocation concerning the indicated decreased access to hand alongside hindrances to more relative significance of hand hygiene solutions widespread changes washing upon being in contact with patient or surroundings of the patient Setting (Where did the study take place?) Tanzania (Tanzanian health care 3 health care facilities in 6 public hospitals across private and public facilities) Queensland, Australia. Hanoi, Vietnam Sample 14 health care practitioners 27 nursing practitioners 12 focus groups Method A Star Rating Assessment A thematic content analysis was The procedure involved carrying database was considered in considered in evaluating focus out discussions involving twelve generating data for the research as group data focus groups with HCWs at 6 well as the use of a focus group health care facilities across Hanoi. These discussions comprised of 8 experiences of participants towards hand hygiene. Key Findings of the Study The results indicated positive The findings revealed that The participants considered changes in controlling infections attempts to enhance compliance decreased access to hand hygiene relating to hand hygiene, while ought to entail personal strategies solutions, frustration due to further barriers to a more handling prioritization of hand increased workload, and complex comprehensive change initiative hygiene in competing tasks and guidelines in interpreting in were evident cultivating observance norms. overcrowded areas as the main NRS 433V Handwashing Paper

The study identified various reasons for noncompliance. benefits (ability to safeguard self and patients), demerits (time consuming, hand damage), barriers (emergency situations, being busy), referents (unsupportive: certain doctors; supportive: colleagues and patients) as well as facilitators (accessibility of products/sinks and training). Recommendations of the Researcher The need for constant facilitation The researchers recommend the The researchers recommend the of Infection Prevention and need to underscore the need to implement routine hand Management Course by engaging significance of all moments, hygiene by first implementing 9 observation method among other particularly for the risk of educational programs targeting existing experiences. The authors infections considering the care duty. further propose the need to include forgetfulness of most nurses to managers in the Infection sanitize their hands after being in Prevention and Management contact with patients’ Course, seeking to formalize surroundings. infection control. 10 References Cho, S., Lee, J., You, S. J., Song, K. J., & Hong, K. J. (2019). Nurse staffing, nurse’s prioritization, missed care, quality of nursing care, and nurse outcomes. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 26(1). doi:10.1111/ijn.12803 Diefenbacher, S., Fliss, P., Tatzel, J., Wenk, J., & Keller, J. (2019). A quasi-randomized controlled before-after study using performance feedback and goal setting as elements of hand hygiene promotion. Journal of Hospital Infection, 101(4), 399-407. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.02.001 Jones, M., Gower, S., Whitfield, A., & Thomas, S. (2015). Evaluation of practice change in Tanzanian health professionals 12 months after participation in an Infection Prevention and Management Course. Journal of infection prevention, 16(5), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757177415584452 Salmon, S., & McLaws, M. L. (2015). Qualitative findings from focus group discussions on hand hygiene compliance among health care workers in Vietnam. American journal of infection control, 43(10), 1086–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.039 White, K. M., et al. (2015). Using a theory of planned behavior framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the ‘5 critical moments’ among Australian hospital-based nurses. BMC health services research, 15, 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0718-2 11 Zhao, Q., Yang, M. M., Huang, Y., & Chen, W. (2018). How to make hand hygiene interventions more attractive to nurses: NRS 433V Handwashing Paper

A discrete choice experiment. Plos One, 13(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202014 12 Course Code NRS-433V Class Code NRS-433V-O505 Criteria Content Percentage 60.0% Evidence of Revision 10.0% Nursing Practice Problem and PICOT Question 5.0% Background of Studies 5.0% Method of Studies 5.0% Results of Studies 5.0% Ethical Considerations 5.0% Conclusion 5.0% PICOT Question, Research Articles, and Nursing Practice Problem Relationship 10.0% Proposed Evidence-Based Practice Change 10.0% Organization and Effectiveness 30.0% Thesis Development and Purpose 10.0% Argument Logic and Construction 10.0% Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) 10.0% Format 10.0% Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) 5.0% Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style) 5.0% Total Weightage 100% Assignment Title Research Critiques and PICOT Statement Final Draft 1: Unsatisfactory (0.00%) Final paper does not demonstrate incorporation of feedback or evidence of revision on research critiques. A nursing practice problem is not clearly described or a PICOT question is not included. Background of studies, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is incomplete. Discussion of method of studies, including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework, is incomplete. Discussion of studies results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is incomplete. Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is incomplete. Conclusion does not summarize a critical appraisal and applicability of findings. Discussion of the relationship between the PICOT question, research articles, and nursing practice problem is not included. The proposed evidence-based practice change is not included. Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim. Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used. Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Sources are not documented. Total Points 260.0 2: Less Than Satisfactory (75.00%) Incorporation of research critique feedback or evidence of revision is incomplete. PICOT question describes a nursing practice problem but lacks reliable sources. Background of studies, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Discussion of method of studies, including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Discussion of studies results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Discussion of ethical considerations associated with the conduct of nursing research is included but lacks relevant details and explanation. Conclusion is vague and does not discuss importance to nursing. Discussion of the relationship between the PICOT question, research articles, and nursing practice problem is incomplete or incorrect. The proposed evidence-based practice change is incomplete or incorrect. Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear. Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present. Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent. Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors. 3: Satisfactory (83.00%) Incorporation of research critique feedback and evidence of revision are present. PICOT question describes a nursing practice problem and includes a few reliable sources. Background of studies, including problem, significance to nursing, purpose, objective, and research questions, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of method of studies, including discussion of conceptual/theoretical framework, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of studies results, including findings and implications for nursing practice, is partially complete and includes some relevant details and explanation. Discussion of ethical conside