Lab5 Questions

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Lab5 Questions

INSTRUCTIONS:

·         On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 5 Answer Form electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed on your Course Schedule (under Syllabus).

·         To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual that is available in the WebTycho classroom (Reserved Reading or provided by your instructor) or at the eScience Labs Student Portal. Laboratory exercises on your CD may not be updated.

·         Save your Lab 5 Answer Form in the following format:  LastName_Lab5 (e.g., Smith_Lab5).

·         You should submit your document in a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) for best compatibility.

Pre-lab Questions

  1. Define enthalpy.

 

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure.  The enthalpy is the preferred expression of system energy changes in many chemical, biological, and physical measurements, because it simplifies certain descriptions of energy transfer. This is because a change in enthalpy takes account of energy transferred to the environment through the expansion of the system under study.

 

  1. What is the relationship between the enthalpy of a reaction and its classification as endothermic or exothermic?

 

   Endothermic reactions draw heat in from their surroundings.  Exothermic reactions give heat off to their surroundings.

Endothermic:

  • Energy is drawn in from the external environment, causing its surroundings to loose heat, or “cool down.”
  • The endothermic chemical reaction creates a product that has a higher energy level than the original materials, causing the reactant’s stored energy to decrease. (In scientific terms, the reactants have “less total enthalpy” than the product.)
  • The resulting product of the reaction is less stable because, the higher the energy bond, the less strength its molecules possess.
  • Most endothermic reactions are not spontaneous.

 

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Exothermic

 

  • Exothermic chemical reactions cause their surroundings to warm up by giving off heat.
  • The reactants contain more stored energy than the product because energy from external sources is not required, but given off. This gives the product more stability due to the lower amount of energy needed. (In this case, the reactants have a “greater total enthalpy” than the product.)
  • Exothermic reactions are usually spontaneous.

 

  1. With instant hot compresses, calcium chloride dissolves in water and the temperature of the mixture increases. Is this an endothermic or exothermic process?

    Exothermic Process

Table 2: Hand Warmer Data

 

Table 1: Cold Pack Data

Experiment 1: Cold Packs vs. Hand Warmers

Time (sec)

Temp. (°C)

Initial

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

*300

330

360

390

420

450

Minimum Temp (°C):

 

Time (sec)

Temp. (°C)

Initial

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

*300

330

360

390

420

450

Minimum Temp (°C):

 

Graph your data from the tables. You may create the graph on any program, but make sure it can be integrated into this document.

Questions

1.       Calculate the overall temperature change for the cold and hot pack substance. HINT: This is the difference in the maximum temperature and minimum temperature of each.

Cold pack ΔT:

Hand warmer ΔT:

  1. Which pack works by an exothermic process? Use experimental data to support your answer.

 

The chemical reaction that releases heat is called an exothermic reaction, so a heat pack. The cold pack is endothermic

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  1. Which pack works by an endothermic process? Use experimental data to support your answer.

 

The cold pack is endothermic because Energy is drawn in from the external environment, causing its surroundings to loose heat, or “cool down.”

 

 

  1. Which pack had the greatest change in enthalpy? How do you know?

UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 1: Introduction to Science Answer Key

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UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 1: Introduction to Science Answer Key

This contains 100% correct material for UMUC Biology 103 LAB01. However, this is an Answer Key, which means, you should put it in your own words. Here is a sample for the questions answered:

 

Exercise 1: Data Interpretation  (2 pts each)

1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 4?

No fish are present when the dissolved oxygen is zero. When there is more dissolved oxygen in the water, more fish are present. However, the number of fish tends to drop or level off when the dissolved oxygen is higher than 12 ppm.

 

2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water.

Possible Hypotheses:

1.    The amount of dissolved oxygen affects the number of fish that can live in a body of water.

2.    As dissolved oxygen concentration increases, more fish can live in the body of water.

3.    There is an ideal dissolved oxygen concentration for fish to live in.

 

The rest of the questions are answered in full version:

 

1.    What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis?

 

 

2.    What would be the independent and dependent variables?

 

 

3.    What would be your control?

 

 

4.    What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set?  Why?

 

 

5.    Graph the data from Table 4: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise).

 

 

6.    Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7.

 

Exercise 2: Experimental Variables

Determine the variables tested in the each of the following experiments. If applicable, determine and identify any positive or negative controls.

 

Observations

1.    A study is being done to test the effects of habitat space on the size of fish populations. Different sized aquariums are set up with six goldfish in each one. Over a period of six months, the fish are fed the same type and amount of food. The aquariums are equally maintained and cleaned throughout the experiment. The temperature of the water is kept constant. At the end of the experiment the number of surviving fish is surveyed.

A.    Independent Variable:

 

 

B.    Dependent Variable:

 

 

C.   Controlled Variables/Constants:

 

 

D.   Experimental Controls/Control Groups:

 

 

2.    To determine if the type of agar affects bacterial growth, a scientist cultures E. coli on four different types of agar. Five petri dishes are set up to collect results:

§  One with nutrient agar and E. coli

§  One with mannitol-salt agar and E. coli

 

§  One with MacConkey agar and E. coli

§  One with LB agar and E. coli

§  One with nutrient agar but NO E. coli

 

All of the petri dishes received the same volume of agar, and were the same shape and size. During the experiment, the temperature at which the petri dishes were stored, and at the air quality remained the same. After one week the amount of bacterial growth was measured.

A.    Independent Variable:

 

 

B.    Dependent Variable:

 

C.   Controlled Variables/Constants:

 

 

D. Experimental Controls/Control Groups:

Exercise 3: Testable Observations

Determine which of the following observations are testable. For those that are testable:

Determine if the observation is qualitative or quantitative

Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis

What would be your experimental approach?

What are the dependent and independent variables?

What are your controls – both positive and negative?

How will you collect your data?

How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)?

How will you analyze your data?

 

Observations

1.    A plant grows three inches faster per day when placed on a window sill than it does when placed on a on a coffee table in the middle of the living room.

 

 

2.    The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes is taller than the other tellers.

 

 

 

3.    When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats fatty foods.

 

 

 

4.    The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm.

 

 

5.    For the past two days, the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm.

 

 

 

6.    George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings.

 

Exercise 4: Conversion

For each of the following, convert each value into the designated units.

 

 

1.    46,756,790 mg = _______ kg

 

 

2.    5.6 hours = ________ seconds

 

 

3.    13.5 cm = ________ inches

 

 

4.    47 °C = _______ °F

 

Exercise 5: Accuracy vs. Precision

For the following, determine whether the information is accurate, precise, both or neither.

 

1.    During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67.

 

 

2.    The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89.5. The top 5th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87.

 

3.    Yesterday the temperature was 89 °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average for September is only 75 °F degrees!

 

4.    Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results shown to the right:

 

 

5.    A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies.

 

 

Exercise 6: Significant Digits and Scientific Notation

Part 1: Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits.

 

1.    405000

 

 

2.    0.0098

 

 

3.    39.999999

 

 

4.    13.00

 

 

5.    80,000,089

 

 

6.    55,430.00

 

 

7.    0.000033

 

 

8.    620.03080

 

Part 2: Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you know about significant digits.

 

1.    70,000,000,000

 

 

2.    0.000000048

 

 

3.    67,890,000

 

 

4.    70,500

 

 

5.    450,900,800

 

 

6.    0.009045

 

 

7.    0.023

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POL201 FINAL PAPER (TOPIC IS Controlled Substance Act (1970)

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POL201 FINAL PAPER (TOPIC IS Controlled Substance Act (1970)

Final Paper Assignment

The primary goal of your final assignment is to critically analyze  the specific topic you have chosen regarding American national  government.

You have been preparing for this final assignment each week by  constructing an Annotated Bibliography (Week 2) and a detailed outline  of the Final Paper’s main points (Week 3) in which you focused on the  following:

  • Historical and constitutional basis for the American Government’s structure
  • The system of checks and balances
  • The various roles (e., public opinion, media, special interest groups, etc.) concerning public policy and elections
  • The voting system and election process.

In addition, you have read the course text and course readings,  reviewed videos, and researched additional material for each week’s  assignments and this paper. This week, you will put all of those  outlines, readings, reviews, and research together to evaluate  policymaking and government program administration into one Final Paper.

As we wrap up our course, reflect on what you have learned about the  key structures, systems, roles, and processes that embody our national  government. Think about the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and  disadvantages, and positive and negative impacts of these aspects of our  democracy. Use what you have learned so far to evaluate a specific  policy of our national government and recommend ways to enhance what  works and repair what is not working well. It is important that your  Final Paper utilizes your previous research and assignments, including  the feedback that you received from the Ashford Writing Center in Week  4. The assignment should also showcase what you have learned in the  course. While your previous assignments will serve as a strong base for  this assignment, it is very important that you implement feedback from  your instructor and the Ashford Writing Center, as well as further  expand on the material. Appropriate transitions and headings are needed  to ensure a cohesive Final Paper.

THE TITLE OF THE PAPER IS  Controlled Substance Act (1970). THE INFORMATION ATTACHED IS TO BE USED AS A GUIDE TO FORMALIZE THE PAPER AND ITS CONTENT. BE SURE TO ADHERE TO THE GUIDELINES OF THE PAPER OR THE PAPER WILL BE DISPUTED.

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Stewardship Recognition Strategy and a Marketing Strategy.

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Stewardship Recognition Strategy and a Marketing Strategy.

Your non-profit organization should be Red Cross Society of China, and all your strategy should be based on Red Cross Society of China.

The recognition and stewardship strategy (1/2 page, single spaced) for a major gift donor should describe the donor’s gift and the written and other thank-you’s and immediate and planned recognition that will be given, and the near and ongoing stewardship that will be conducted for this immediate and likely or hoped future major gift donor.

The marketing plan (1/2 page, single spaced) should describe the actions that will be taken to present, promote and have reaction, such as comments, questions and gifts, to the fundraising case and request for support.  The plan should include actions taken inside the organization as well as those external to the organization.

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What are the Advantages or Disadvantages of The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

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What are the Advantages or Disadvantages of The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

Term Paper Requirements

The paper must be written in accordance with APA standards using the current edition. The required length is 4-5 pages excluding the cover page, charts, tables, graphs, diagrams, photographs, the reference page, or the appendix. The format will be double-spaced, 1-inch margins, Times New Roman, and 12pt font.

Term Paper Topics

Topics for the term paper are required be directly related to aviation or aerospace legislation. You must have selected a topic from one of the Statutes or Cases listed here. The instructor may approve a topic from the Rhoades text which must be directly related to aviation or aerospace legislation.

The instructor may also approve an alternative topic suitable for your location in a jurisdiction outside the United States but only if it is directly concerned with aviation or aerospace legislation. 

Plagiarism

Papers submitted to Turnitin may be compared against billions of Internet documents, archived Internet data that is no longer available on the live web, a local repository of previously submitted papers, and subscription repository of periodicals, journals, and publications. The comparison may be against any or all of these repositories as set on a specific assignment by the instructor of the class.

 

Paper half written as follows. No plaigarism. Need an advantage or disadvange two more pages in microsoft word double spaced.

Abstract

In the years leading up to 1978 there were five major airlines that dominated the market as well as the skies. These major airlines were regulated under the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), by 1978 there was a demand for lower airfares. There were several factors and courses of actions for the US Government to consider. Two of these courses of action will be presented here as well as advantages and disadvantages of each. In conclusion, the purpose of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 is presented.

Keywords: CAB, aviation, revenue, deregulation

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4.7- Case Analysis: Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

I.  Summary

The airlines of the United States had long been regulated by the government, the same year the CAA was established so to was the Civil Aeronautics Board or CAB. Where the CAA was tasked with regulation of safety, standardization, testing and upgrades to the national airspace, the CAB was tasked with forming dedicated routes for specific airlines as well as setting the price to fly those routes. “By the 1970s high inflation, low national economic growth, escalating fuel costs, and rising labor costs hit the airline industry hard.” (Gale Encyclopedia, 2000)

II. Problem

The government had regulated the major airlines for years, fixed routes, fixed prices. There were several low-cost carriers in operation, but due to the route regulations many could not operate the same city to city destinations as the larger airlines did. The rising costs of almost everything in the 1970’s led to a public outcry that changes be made, the public wanted more choices and at a better price. The airline industry was jumpstarted by the government post World War I, the country was now many wars separated from that conflict, and as seen in the past changes were called for once again.

III. Significance of the Problem

The rising costs in the 1970’s drove down airline profits due to the number of people who couldn’t afford to fly. “Regulation by the federal government had enabled airlines to proper, but it also kept fares high and prevented airlines from operating as efficiently as possible.” (Air and Space) Efficiency was greatly needed in a time where the cost of all goods and services was on a sharp rise. If the airlines and government wanted to have full aircraft a change was needed.

IV. Development of Alternative Actions

Alternative Action 1. Allow the CAB to continue to regulate the airlines.

            Advantages. The CAB has regulated the airlines and regulated them successfully for close to 40 years at this point, there have been rises in costs over the years and it all settles eventually. The airline industry has always rebounded, due to funds being pumped in by the government.

            Disadvantages. The CAB has regulated the airlines for close to 40 years, yes, the advantage is also a disadvantage. As in past history with aviation in the United States it seems tides of change come along every few decades. If a change is not made passenger service will continue to drop due to the rise in inflation, this could cripple the airline industry and set the country back a number of years, similar to what was seen with US versus European aviation advances in the early years.

Alternative Action 2: Deregulate the airline industry.

Advantages. The deregulation of the airline industry would mean more choices for the public, they wouldn’t have to fly a set airline on a set route at a set price. They could choose to fly the competitor on the same route for possibly a lower price, or even a low-cost airline from a different airport to a different destination. This would increase profit revenues and allow for maximum usage of the aircraft and routes.

            Disadvantages. Deregulation will be met with a lot of pushback from the major airlines as well as politicians where those major airlines serve. Both the major airlines and the politicians know that competition breeds lower prices, this takes the top dollar, which is the bottom line out of the airline’s pockets and the politician’s constituents. It won’t be an easy battle to overcome.

V.  Recommendation

Alternative action 2 is the best choice, it creates more choices for the public and will create new revenue stream at a time when it is needed most. Instead of flying large jet airliners at fractional capacity there will be full aircraft again. Even with potentially lower ticket prices, the airlines will still make significantly more money than they are in the current state. It will create competition which will benefit the end user, the customer, in the long run. Airlines, like many other industries, are a service industry, with that comes the fact that people like choices.

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References

Gale Group Inc. (2000) Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Retrieved from:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/aviation-general/air-        fares#1G23406400025

           

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. (No Year Listed) America By Air: Deregulation A Watershed Event. Retrieved from:

https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/america-by-air/online/jetage/jetage08.cfm

Government 2306

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Government 2306

Consider the discussion in “Texas’s Shift from Blue to Red Informs 2014 Races.” The “red-blue” debate in Texas is essentially an issue of party realignment. The transformation of Texas from a one-party Democratic state to that of essentially a one-party Republican state occurred over several years in which there was a convergence of many different factors, including economics,demographics, trends in national politics, and the role of key political actors. For those predicting the possibility of Texas becoming a “blue” state with the resurgence of the Democratic Party, what lessons might be drawn from the Republican realignment that produced the party’s current domination of the state government and many local governments throughout Texas?

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Mission Analysis Brief (Power Point)

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Mission Analysis Brief (Power Point)

Purpose: To facilitate your understanding and application of Mission Analysis within the MDMP.

Assignment Instructions: Prepare a Mission Analysis briefing that shows your understanding of steps one and two of the MDMP ( See FM 6-0 attached) Brief the content and information involved in your presentation to a CSM/SGM.

This is a military information briefing. See Rub attached for oral communication assessment.

Requirements: This is an information briefing, not a reading. Students will not read their slides.  The presentation will consist of 6 to 10 slides (including Title Slide, Agenda, Conclusion, & References).

Students may use up to two other visual aids such as maps and diagrams if desired. The presentation will describe steps one and two of the MDMP. Students must display a clear understanding of key principles using real-world examples.

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The Bill of Rights: Assessment

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The Bill of Rights: Assessment

Imagine your area is in a state of emergency and you are concerned about the balance of liberty and security as people try to return to their normal lives, recover what was lost, and rebuild what was destroyed. Compose an email you could send to elected officials to voice your concerns. Your email should include positions on two of the potential issues related to civil liberties found below.

Template

Instructions: Replace the information (in parentheses) with your own thoughts and information from the lesson.

Hello ________ (name of one of your elected officials at the local, state, or national level) ____,

(Write paragraph one here. Paragraph one should address why rights are not absolute. Explain how the Constitution safeguards and limits individual rights.)

(Paragraph two should address one of the ten situations from the list. Be sure to include the following information in the paragraph:

  • the Constitutional amendment that relates to the situation
  • arguments that could be made for or against the action that took place
  • your position on the situation and the reasons you think officials should agree with you)

(Paragraph three should address a different situation from the list. Address the bulleted items again for this second situation.)

(Short summary conclusion with points made in your email and appreciation expressed for the officials’ time.)
Sincerely,
(Your Name)

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  1. Imagine that the following situations have occurred in your community following the disaster. Select two of the following situations to address and evaluate in your email:
    • © 2012 BananaStock/Thinkstock

      The government suspended the right of habeas corpus (the right to see a judge after arrest to determine if imprisonment is lawful).

    • The government forced people to evacuate from their homes.
    • The press accessed the disaster area and published a story in a national newspaper about the event.
    • The government allowed federal and state troops to be quartered in private residences to assist residents and protect order.
    • Citizens were denied the right to bring legally owned firearms to storm shelters.
    • The government made certain dangerous areas off-limits, which prevented residents from accessing their homes and personal property.
    • Prisoners were kept in prisons that lacked power, supplies, and plumbing during the emergency.
    • The federal and state courts postponed scheduled criminal and civil trials due to the emergency.
    • The government prevented the press from publishing graphic photos of victims of the natural disaster to protect the privacy of the victim’s family.
    • The federal government stated that local and state governments are solely responsible for the disaster recovery efforts and that it will not be providing assistance.
  2. Once you have chosen the concerns you wish to address, compose a well-written response to each situation with the following information:
    • the Constitutional amendment that relates to the situation
    • arguments that could be made for or against the action that took place
    • your position on the situation and the reasons you think officials should agree with you
  3. Save your email and check it for spelling and grammar.

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*KIM WOODS*

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*KIM WOODS*

Please ensure that your references are from acceptable scholarly sources – that means, they should generally come from your assigned reading (at least one should be from the course textbooks), the Online library, professional journals and government agency websites. Please review resources in the library for more information on credible references. Some examples of unacceptable references include “Findlaw.com,” online dictionaries and encyclopedias, “Wikipedia,” “eHow.com,” “Associated Content,” commercial and essay websites. For definitions use your textbook and craft definitions based on what you have learned from your assigned reading – remember to cite the textbook. For a legal reference, instead of the commercial website, “Findlaw.com,” use the Cornell Law School legal dictionary and sources such as the US Code.**

 

DQ 1: What is right to counsel? Explain when the right to counsel attaches, and when it does not apply. How has the development of right to counsel impacted the criminal justice system? What changes to right to counsel would you suggest? Why? Explain. *150 word count*

 

DQ 2:  Define the Fifth Amendment in your own words, but provide a citation for your research.  In your view, how has the Fifth Amendment impacted the criminal justice system?  Do you believe the “rights advisement” requirement pertaining to the Fifth (and Sixth) Amendment has impeded the law enforcement officer’s ability to execute the job or has it improved law enforcement and contributed to a better criminal justice system? How so?  How has it benefited the defendant?  *150 word count

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MEDIA AND POLITICS: ASSESSMENT

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MEDIA AND POLITICS: ASSESSMENT

Assessment

Time to put your knowledge of the evolving role of the media in political messages to work! You’ve been asked by a popular news organization to create a web article for their official website that will help the public understand the role that media plays in politics. Your product will first explain your analysis of a media item and then describe how the role of media in politics has changed over time.

Steps

  1. Choose a visual, text, or other media item that is political in nature. This list provides some examples of media items you may use and guidance on where to locate other examples on the Internet. Be sure to include the media item, or directions on how to access it, with your assessment.
  2. Analyze the political message delivered by your chosen media item. In two well-written paragraphs, explain the background of the image, text, or video and explain what bias the message reveals and how.
    • The background paragraph should include who created the media item, when, for whom, and for what purpose.
    • The analysis paragraph should explain the bias in the media item. What strategies does the media item use to persuade people? (examples are symbolism and emotional appeal)
  3. Write a third well-written paragraph that answers the following question, in your own words. How have the media changed over time, and how has this affected political communication?

  4. List

    Select one of the following media items for your assessment. Remember, you must provide the source or information on how to access the source with your assessment.

      1. TV Commercial
        Television advertisements from recent elections are readily available from multiple internet sources, such as the

     Living Room Candidate

      1. . Select this image to see a politcal advertisement:
    A flier paid for by the Economic Freedom Fund© 2011 The
    Associated Press
      1. Political Cartoon
        This political cartoon is from the Civil War era; select this image to see a politcal cartoon:

        The Rail Splitter Repairing the Union'–a political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln from 1865.© 2011 The
        Associated Press

        Political cartoons related to recent political events and issues are accessible from multiple internet sources, such as the

     Cagle Post

      1. .

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    1. Debate
      This debate excerpt is from the 2008 presidential campaign:

      • MCCAIN: Somehow in Washington today–and I’m afraid on Wall Street–greed is rewarded, excess is rewarded, and corruption–or certainly failure to carry out our responsibility is rewarded. As president of the United States, people are going to be held accountable in my administration. And I promise you that that will happen.
      • LEHRER: Do you have something directly to say, Senator Obama, to Senator McCain about what he just said?
      • OBAMA: Well, I think Senator McCain’s absolutely right that we need more responsibility, but we need it not just when there’s a crisis. I mean, we’ve had years in which the reigning economic ideology has been what’s good for Wall Street, but not what’s good for Main Street.

        (later)

      • MCCAIN: You’ve got to look at our record. You’ve got to look at our records. That’s the important thing. Who’s the person who has believed that the best thing for America is to have a tax system that is fundamentally fair? And I’ve fought to simplify it, and I have proposals to simplify it. Let Americans choose whether they want the existing tax code or they want a new tax code. Again, look at the record, particularly the energy bill. But, again, Senator Obama has shifted on a number of occasions. He has voted in the United States Senate to increase taxes on people who make as low as $42,000 a year.
      • OBAMA: That’s not true, John. That’s not true.
      • MCCAIN: And that’s just a fact. Again, you can look it up.
      • OBAMA: Look, it’s just not true. And if we want to talk about oil company profits, under your tax plan, John—this is undeniable—oil companies would get an additional $4 billion in tax breaks. Now, look, we all would love to lower taxes on everybody. But here’s the problem: If we are giving them to oil companies, then that means that there are those who are not going to be getting them.
    2. Inaugural Address
      This excerpt is from the opening of President George W. Bush’s Second Inaugural Address:

      “On this day, prescribed by law and marked by ceremony, we celebrate the durable wisdom of our Constitution, and recall the deep commitments that unite our country. I am grateful for the honor of this hour, mindful of the consequential times in which we live, and determined to fulfill the oath that I have sworn and you have witnessed.

      At this second gathering, our duties are defined not by the words I use, but by the history we have seen together. For a half century, America defended our own freedom by standing watch on distant borders. After the shipwreck of communism came years of relative quiet, years of repose, years of sabbatical—and then there came a day of fire.

      We have seen our vulnerability—and we have seen its deepest source. For as long as whole regions of the world simmer in resentment and tyranny—prone to ideologies that feed hatred and excuse murder—violence will gather, and multiply in destructive power, and cross the most defended borders, and raise a mortal threat. There is only one force of history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom.

      We are led, by events and common sense, to one conclusion: The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands. The best hope for peace in our world is the expansion of freedom in all the world.

      America’s vital interests and our deepest beliefs are now one. From the day of our Founding, we have proclaimed that every man and woman on this earth has rights, and dignity, and matchless value, because they bear the image of the Maker of Heaven and earth. Across the generations, we have proclaimed the imperative of self-government, because no one is fit to be a master, and no one deserves to be a slave. Advancing these ideals is the mission that created our Nation. It is the honorable achievement of our fathers. Now it is the urgent requirement of our nation’s security, and the calling of our time.

      So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world.”

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